Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi wanted the East India Company to recognise her adopted son as the heir to the kingdom of Jhansi after the death of her husband. The British however, refused to accept her adopted son as the king and annexed Jhansi under the Doctrine of Lapse.

The division of the country was done  on the basis of religion. As a result of this division more than a million people had been killed in riots between Hindus and Muslims. In such circumstances, it was not wise to further divide the country on the basis of language. Nor the country would have afforded further division on the basis of language.
Therefore, both Prime Minister Nehru and Deputy Prime Minister Patel were against the creation of linguistic states.

• Raja Ravi Varma was known for fusion of European Techniques with the Indian Art form. Most of his subjects are Hindu mythology and the medium used involved oil colors. He was the first Indian to use western technique of perspective. He also made lithographers. If you study the history of Indian schools of art before the Bengal and Modern Period, you'd realize that perspective was missing. He was, however, criticized for adding western elements in Hindu Mythological art.
• Abanindranath Tagore's art, on the other side, has influence of Mughal and Rajput art. He has extenstively used the Wash Method acquired from his Japanese acquaintance. There is a prominent influence of Japanese and Chinese art form in his artworks. His subject focused on the Eastern lifestyle in India. The art has fine lines. He tried to revive Indian art.

Factors that helped the city become a textile centre :

• Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area; hence the major raw material easily available.
• The humid climate is ideal for spinning and weaving.
• The flat terrain and easy availability of land is suitable for the establishment of the mills.
• The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semi-skilled labour.
• Well developed road and railway network permits easy transportation of textiles to different parts of the country, thus providing easy access to the market.
• The Mumbai port which is situated nearby facilitates import of machinery and export of cotton textiles.

Role of the Prosecutor

1. The role of the Public Prosecutor  begins once the police has conducted the investigation and filed the charge sheet in the court.
2. He represents the interests of the State and conduct the prosecution on behalf of the State.
3. The Public Prosecutor is not involved in the investigation that is conducted by the police.
4. The PP should act impartially and present the full facts, witnesses and evidence before the court to enable the court to decide the case.

Role of the  Judge

1. The judge conducts the trial impartially and in an open court.
2. The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and the defence.
3. The judge decides whether the accused person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law.
4. If the accused is convicted, then the judge pronounces the sentence. He may send the person to jail or impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes.

To uphold the spirit of the Constitution, the Central and State Governments have initiated schemes to improve socioeconomic and educational standards of the marginalised communities. These are:

• The Government provides subsidised or free accommodation facilities for students of backward castes and tribes in hostels.
• The Government has passed a reservation policy which reserves seats in government educational institutions and government jobs for people belonging to the SCs and the STs. Such students have to furnish proof of their caste or tribal status while applying for jobs in government-controlled institutions.
• While applying for admissions to government colleges, the Government has set ‘cut-off’ marks for students of backward castes and tribes. Scholarships are also given to such students.

• The Government provides subsidised or free accommodation facilities for students of backward castes and tribes in hostels.
• The Government has passed a reservation policy which reserves seats in government educational institutions and government jobs for people belonging to the SCs and the STs. Such students have to furnish proof of their caste or tribal status while applying for jobs in government-controlled institutions.
• While applying for admissions to government colleges, the Government has set ‘cut-off’ marks for students of backward castes and tribes. Scholarships are also given to such students.
• The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act was passed in 1989. This Act was formulated in order to push for the equal status of the Dalits and punish those people who ill treated and humiliated them. This Act was also passed to safeguard the interests of the Adivasis.
• Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act was passed in 1993. This law prohibits employment of manual scavengers and the construction of dry latrines. 

To uphold the spirit of the Constitution, the Central and State Governments have initiated schemes to improve socioeconomic and educational standards of the marginalised communities. These are:

• The Government provides subsidised or free accommodation facilities for students of backward castes and tribes in hostels.
• The Government has passed a reservation policy which reserves seats in government educational institutions and government jobs for people belonging to the SCs and the STs. Such students have to furnish proof of their caste or tribal status while applying for jobs in government-controlled institutions.
• While applying for admissions to government colleges, the Government has set ‘cut-off’ marks for students of backward castes and tribes. Scholarships are also given to such students.
• The Government provides subsidised or free accommodation facilities for students of backward castes and tribes in hostels.
• The Government has passed a reservation policy which reserves seats in government educational institutions and government jobs for people belonging to the SCs and the STs. Such students have to furnish proof of their caste or tribal status while applying for jobs in government-controlled institutions.
• While applying for admissions to government colleges, the Government has set ‘cut-off’ marks for students of backward castes and tribes. Scholarships are also given to such students.
• The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act was passed in 1989. This Act was formulated in order to push for the equal status of the Dalits and punish those people who ill treated and humiliated them. This Act was also passed to safeguard the interests of the Adivasis.
• Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act was passed in 1993. This law prohibits employment of manual scavengers and the construction of dry latrines. 

It is very difficult to write anything about  Shantiniketan (the abode of peace). It all started during the  renaissance period of Bengal. Though Gurudev Ravindra Nath Tagore  visualized Shantiniketan but actually it was his father Maharshi  Devendra Nath Tagore, came to Bolpur in 1889.He belonged to the princely  family of Prince Dwaraka Nath Tagore of Calcutta, had modern education  through English medium. At one stage he realized that plain Hinduism is  not enough for the society, as he was highly educated in Sanskrit,  Arabic, Persian and many Western languages, he felt that Vedic teaching  was supreme. He started worshiping of “ Nirakar Brahama”or the God  without any face, as the people of Vedic era did. This was some three  thousand years ago. Maharshi Devendra Nath established The Bhrahmo Samaj  or the followers of God without any face. This sect will have no  Religion, no worshiping of Idol, preach non- violence, no sacrifice of  animals, birds in the temple premises, no caste system, every body will  follow the life style as said in the Vedas. Joined him the highly  educated aristocrats of Bengal, who also felt Hinduism of Bengal at that  time is full of atrocities like SATI (women will also die if the  husband dies and most of the times they were forced to the Pyre) and so  on.

 Moderates:
1. Social base zamindars and upper middle classes in towns.
2. Ideological inspiration western liberal thought and European history.
3. Believed in England’s providential mission in India.
4. Believed political connections with Britain to be in India’s social, political and cultural interests.
5. Professed loyalty to the British Crown.
6. Believed that the movement should be limited to middle class intelligentsia; masses not yet ready for participation in political work.

Radicals

1. A radical believes and supports extreme ideals. Such an individual supports complete social and political reforms.
2. A radical has extreme ideals.
3. A radical supports complete reforms even revolutionary steps, but a moderate does not.

The Ilbert Bill was introduced in 1883 for British India by Lord Ripon.

The Bill gave Indian judges and magistrates the power to try British offenders in criminal cases at the District level.

The introduction of the bill led to intense opposition in Britain and from British settlers in India. The Bill played on racial tensions.

White opposition forced the government to withdraw the bill. This enraged the Indians.

The bitter controversy deepened antagonism between the British and Indians and was a prelude to the formation of the Indian National Congress.

human resource is considered to be the best resource because humans can make the best use of the resources if they have knowledge, education and technology to do so. human beings are not only the consumer of national asset s, they can also be creators of national wealth. In fact human resources are superior to other resources such as land and capital because they make use of land and capital. Land and capital cannot be useful on their own

The president is called the first citizen of India as he / she represents our country and is the executive head of our nation and all executive actions are taken in his name.