The population of undivided India in 1947 was approx 390 million. After partition, there were 330 million people in India, 30 million in West Pakistan, and 30 million people in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).

The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic.

A group of men and women carrying basket-loads of iron are known as the Agaria. The Agarias are a community of iron smelters. They are specialised in the craft of iron smelting.
In the late 19th century a series of famines devastated the dry tracts of India. In central India, many of the

Non cooperation movement was a mass movement which was launched by Gandhi in 1920. It was a peaceful and a non-violent protest against the British government in India.
Programmes of the Non Cooperation movement were:Indians were asked to relinquish their titles and resign from nominated seats in the local bodies as a mark of protest.

• People had to resign from their government jobs.
• People were asked to withdraw their children from government-controlled or aided schools and colleges.
• People had to boycott foreign goods and use only Indian-made goods.

The main aim of the Non Cooperation movement was the demand of 'Swaraj' or the self government.

Biotic Resources: The resources which are obtained from the biosphere and have life are called <i>Biotic Resources</i>. For example, animals and plants including human beings.

Industries can be classified into several groups:
On the Basis of Strength of Labour:
Large Scale Industry: Industries which employ a large number of labourers in each unit are called large-scale industries. Cotton or jute textile industries are large scale industries.

Medium Scale Industries:The industries which employ neither very large nor very small number of labourers are put in the category of medium scale industries. Cycle industry, radio and television industries are some examples of medium scale industries.
Small Scale Industries:Industries which are owned and run by individuals and which employ a small number of labourers are called small scale industries.
On the Basis of Raw-Material and Finished Goods:

Industries classified on the basis of raw materials and finished goods are:

Heavy Industries:Industries which use heavy and bulky raw-materials and produce products of the same category are called heavy industries. Iron and steel industry presents a good example of heavy industries.

Light Industries:The light industries use light raw-materials and produce light finished products. Electric fans, sewing machines are light industries.
On the basis of Ownership: Since the start of the planned development of Indian economy in 1951, industries are divided in the following four classes:

Private Sector Industries: Industries owned by individuals or firms such as Bajaj Auto or TISCO situated at Jamshedpur are called private sector industries.

Public Sector Industries: Industries owned by the state and its agencies like Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd., or Bhilai Steel Plant or Durgapur Steel Plant are public sector industries.

Joint Sector Industries: Industries owned jointly by the private firms and the state or its agencies such as Gujarat Alkalies Ltd., or Oil India Ltd. fall in the group of joint sector industries.

Co-operative Sector Industries:  Industries owned and run co-operatively by a group of people who are generally producers of raw materials of the given industry such as a sugar mill owned and run by farmers are called co-operative sector industries.

On the Basis of Source of Raw Material: On the basis of source of raw materials, industries are classified as under:

Agro Based Industries: Agro based industries are those industries which obtain raw-material from agriculture. Cotton textile, jute textile, sugar and vegetable oil are representative industries of agro-based group of industries.
Mineral Based Industries: The industries that receive raw materials primarily from minerals such as iron and steel, aluminium and cement industries fall in this category.

Pastoral-Based Industries: These industries depend upon animals for their raw material. Hides, skins, bones, horns, shoes, dairy, etc. are some of the pastoral-based industries.

Forest Based Industries: Paper card-board, lac, rayon, resin, tanning of leather, leave- utensils, basket industries are included in this type of industries.

The administrative system of the Gond empire had become centralised.

• The kingdom was divided into garhs.
• Each garh was controlled by a particular Gond clan.
• This was further divided into units of 84 villages called chaurasi.
• The chaurasi was subdivided into barhots which were made up of 12 villages each. <div> <div> </div> </div>

The economic impact of the First World War:
(i)The First World War led to a huge rise in the defence expenditure of the Government of India. The government in turn increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits.
(ii)Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to the sharp rise in prices which badly affected the common mass. They found it difficult to fulfil even their essential needs.
(iii)On the other hand business groups reaped fabulous profits from the war. The war created a demand for industrial goods like jute bags, cloth, rails, and caused a decline of imports from other countries into India. As a result Indian industries expanded during the war.