Tipu Sultan, the Tiger of Mysore, or Tippoo Sahib as the British called him, was the Indian ruler who resisted the East India Company’s conquest of southern India. Public opinion in England considered him a vicious tyrant, while modern Indian nationalists have hailed him as a freedom fighter, but both views are the products of wishful thinking. A small, plump man with a round face and black moustache, who wore clothes glittering with jewels, Tipu was vigorous, forceful, brave, warlike and cruel; a devout Muslim ruling a mainly Hindu population. He had inherited the throne from his father Haidar Ali, who had driven out the previous Hindu dynasty.

Tipu used to say it was better to live for two days like a tiger than drag out an existence like a sheep for two hundred years. He had a special reverence for tigers. He kept six in his fortress-city of Seringapatam (now Sriringapatna), 200 miles west of Madras, where his throne was shaped and striped like a tiger. His elite troops wore tiger badges, the hilt of his sword was in the form of a snarling tiger, and his favourite toy was a mechanical tiger straddling a British officer while the victim squealed in terror (it is now in the Victoria & Albert Museum). 

Sorry, link bhee sath mein Aa gayin, so just a minute.....

Tipu Sultan (born <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu, 20 November 1750 – 4 May 1799), also known as the <i>Tipu Sahab</i> or Tiger of Mysore, was a ruler of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> and a pioneer of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">rocket artillery</a>. He was the eldest son of Sultan <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a> of Mysore. Tipu Sultan introduced a number of administrative innovations during his rule, including his coinage, a new Mauludi <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a>, and a new land revenue system which initiated the growth of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_silk" title="Mysore silk">Mysore silk</a> industry. He expanded the iron-cased <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysorean rockets</a> and commissioned the military manual <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathul_Mujahidin" title="Fathul Mujahidin">Fathul Mujahidin</a></i>. He deployed the rockets against advances of British forces and their allies during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pollilur_(1780)" title="Battle of Pollilur (1780)">Battle of Pollilur</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1792)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1792)">Siege of Seringapatam</a>. He also embarked on an ambitious <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore">economic development program</a> that established Mysore as a major economic power, with some of the world's highest real wages and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_standards" title="Living standards">living standards</a> in the late 18th century.May Be, That's Enough for You.....

The speaker conducts the following functions:

1. To preside over the meetings of the Lok Sabha.
2. To appoint the chairperson and other members of select committees.
3. To maintain discipline in the House.
4. To decide whether a bill is Money Bill or not.
5. To grant permission to introduce any bill in the house.
6. To protect the privileges of the members of the Lok Sabha

Synonyms

A synonym is a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or other words in a language.

For Example: idle = indolent, lazy, inactive, passive, unoccupied Synonyms can be lifesavers, especially when one wants to avoid repetition of the same words over and over. It is necessary to bring variety to one’s writing and help in preventing the overuse of common words. However, while selecting a synonym, it is important to consider all possible meanings of the word, as some words that have more than one meaning can inadvertently bring an unintended tone into a piece of writing. This means that, for instance, if one is d describing someone or somebody’s appearance (she can be beautiful, attractive, stunning, lovely, gorgeous or elegant), they should choose a synonym that makes sense with the rest of the sentence. This would help in providing more clarity to the writing.

A government in which state cannot declare any religion as state religion

Demerits of Indian constitution
1.  sometimes will be indirect laws.
2.  lack of educational systems

Ryotwari system

• This system of land revenue was instituted in the late 18th century by Sir Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras in 1820.
• This was practiced in the Madras and Bombay areas, as well as Assam and Coorg provinces.
• In this system, the peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land. They had ownership rights, could sell, mortgage or gift the land.
• The taxes were directly collected by the government from the peasants.
• The rates were 50% in dry land and 60% in wetland.
• The rates were high and unlike in the Permanent System, they were open to being increased.
• If they failed to pay the taxes, they were evicted by the government.
• Ryot means peasant cultivators.
• Here there were no middlemen as in the Zamindari system. But, since high taxes had to paid only in cash (no option of paying in kind as before the British) the problem of moneylenders came into the show. They further burdened the peasants with heavy interests.

Mahalwari system

• The government of Lord William Bentinck, Governor-General of India (1828 to 1835) introduced the Mahalwari system of land revenue in 1833.
• This system was introduced in North-West Frontier, Agra, Central Province, Gangetic Valley, Punjab, etc.
• This had elements of both the Zamindari and the Ryotwari systems.
• This system divided the land into Mahals. Sometimes, a Mahal was constituted by one or more villages.
• Tax was assessed on the Mahal.
• Each individual farmer gave his share.
• Here also, ownership rights were with the peasants.
• Revenue was collected by the village headman or village leaders (lambardar).
• It introduced the concept of average rents for different soil classes.
• The state share of the revenue was 66% of the rental value. The settlement was agreed upon for 30 years.
• This system was called the Modified Zamindari system because the village headman became virtually a Zamindar.

Features of the Indian Constitution

1. The lengthiest Constitution in the world : The Indian Constitution is the lengthiest and the most detailed of all the written Constitutions of the world containing 449 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, 5 appendices and 101 Amendments.

2. Parliamentary form of Government : The constitution of India establishes a parliamentary form of a government both at the Centre and the State. The essence of the parliamentary government is its responsibility to the Legislature. The president is the constitutional head of the State but the real executive power is vested in the council of ministers whose head is the Prime Minister.

3. Unique blend of rigidity and flexibility : It has been the nature of the amending process itself in federations which had led political scientists to classify federal Constitution as rigid.

4. Fundamental Rights : The incorporation of a formal declaration of Fundamental Rights in part III of the Constitution is deemed to be a distinguishing feature of a democratic 
State. These rights are prohibitions against the State. The State cannot make a law which takes away or abridges any of the rights of the citizens guaranteed in part III of Constitution.

5. Directive Principles of State policy (DPSP) : The Directive Principles of State Policy contained in Part IV of the Constitution, it set out the aims and objectives to be taken up by the States in the governance of the country.

The crust is the outermost solid part of the earth.
The portion of the interior beyond the crust is called the mantle. The thickness ranges of mantle is from 10-200 km.
The core-mantle boundary is positioned at the depth of 2,900 km.

Subsidiary Alliance System was formulated by Lord Wellesley in British India. Indian princely states who entered into this alliance with the British were  not allowed to have their independent armed force. They were to be protected by the company, but had to pay for the 'subsidiary forces' that the company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection. Further the Comapny controlled the foreign affairs of the state. The Indian states who signed this alliance with the British lost their independence. A British resident also stayed in the princely state to regulate its affairs. Subsidiary Alliance System helped the British to expand its rule in India.

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Revolt means to take violent action against an established government or ruler; rebel.