Rule of law means that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law.

(i) The Battle of Plassey was fought between Nawab Siraj-ud-Daullah and Robert Clive in 1757.
(ii) After this battle company made Mir Jafar the puppet Nawab but the real administration was in the hands of Company.
(iii) The company could do fortification easily after the battle of Plassey.

Importance of Battle of Plassey:The victory of British East India company in the Battle of Plassey is one of the important landmark in India History. The Battle of Plassey revealed the utterly corrupt political situation in Bengal.Watson had himself stated this victory to be of extraordinary importance not only to the company but also to the British nation in general.
 Mir Jafar became a mere ‘puppet ruler’ and the power rested with the British. On every matter he depended on the English. The Battle of Plassey paved the way for beginning of their empire.

The British enjoyed the tax benefits, had to compete with no rival foreign merchants and began to use the revenue of Bengal for protecting their military and trade interest.

Mir Jafar gave 24 Parganas and one crore of rupees to the Company and valuable Siraj presents to the English officers including Clive.

It depleted the state exchequer. So much wealth was drained from Bengal that the economy was completely shattered. This is known as the Plassey Plunder. With the wealth of Bengal the British secured their business and political supremacy.

The Indigo revolt was a peasant movement and subsequent uprising of indigo farmers against the indigo planters that arose in Bengal in 1859.

Under nij cultivation, the planter produced indigo in lands that the directly controlled. He either bought the land or rented it from other zamindars and produced indigo by directly employing hired labours

The district court has appellate jurisdiction over all subordinate courts situated in the district on both civil and criminal matters.
I'll begin with court of lowest grade.
1.Junior Civil Judge/Junior First Class Magistrate.
2.Senior Civil Judge Court/Sub Court.
3.District and Sessions Court.
The first two courts have only original jurisdiction and the District and Sessions Court has both original as well as appellate jurisdiction.

Courts take decisions on a very large number of issues. Broadly speaking, the work that the judiciary does can be divided into the following:

• Dispute Resolution: The judicial system provides a mechanism for resolving disputes between citizens, between citizens and the government, between two state governments and between the centre and state governments.
• Judicial Review: As the final interpreter of the Constitution, the judiciary also has the power to strike down particular laws passed by the Parliament if it believes that these are a violation of the basic structure of the Constitution. This is called judicial review.
• Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights: Every citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court or the High Court if they believe that their Fundamental Rights have been violated.

Ryots were the peasants who worked on farms. Under the Ryotwari system, these peasants were recognized as ownmers of the land and the revenue settlement was made directly with them by the British government.

• The Mahalwari system is one of the three major land tenure systems implemented by the British in India.
• Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick.
• It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.
• The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.
• In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.
• Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.
• The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.

The company introduced the permanent settlement in 1793 and it was by Lord Cornwallis. It was also called zamidari bandobase in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa. The main features of the settlement were:-
☞Under this system, the Rajas and talaqdars were recognised as zamindars and were made the owner of the land and were supposed to pay a fixed amount of revenue.
☞The local zamindars were to collect revenue from the peasants and pay on time to company even if crops field due to flood, drought and famine, the land would be auctioned off.
☞The amount of rent to be paid was fixed permanently with no scope of revision.
☞The zamidars acted as the agents for the Government and the cultivators became the tenants.
☞On account of increasing or extincting of cultivation, the zamidars were allowed to take entire increased revenue.

The Company had to take some steps to improve agriculture by improving investment in land. The Permanent Settlement was introduced in 1793. According to this, the rajas and taluqdars were recognized as zamindars and were given the responsibility of revenue collection from the peasants. The amount to be paid was fixed permanently and hence the name Permanent Settlement. The Company officials felt that it would ensure a regular flow of revenue. They also felt that this would motivate the zamindars to invest in improving the land. The zamindars would benefit from increased production because the revenue demand would not be increased.

Following are the main causes of uneven distribution of population in the world:

• Geographical causes: Topography, climate, soil, water and mineral
• Social, cultural and economic causes

In India, there are two houses of Parliament. They are the House of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of People (Lok Sabha). Rajya Sabha is the Upper House, while the Lok Sabha is the Lower House.
People directly elect the members of the Lok Sabha. On the other hand, indirect elections choose the members of the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha is more powerful compared to the Rajya Sabha. This is because Lok Sabha is directly elected by and answerable to the people. However, the Rajya Sabha has some special powers to look after the interests of states or regions.

The administration of the Company was different from that of the Indian rulers in the following ways:

(a) The Company divided its admini¬strative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies— Bengal, Madras and Bombay. In India, districts were the main administrative units.

(b) Each presidency was ruled by a Governor. Districts were ruled by the Collectors.

(c) The supreme head of the administration of the Company was the Governor-General. But in India, the head of the administration was the king. .

(d) The main job of the Governor-General was to introduce administrative reforms while the main job of the Collector was to collect revenue and taxes- and maintain law and order in his district.