The villagers who signed the contract to grow indigo got cash in advance at low rates of interest to produce it. According to this contract, the ryots had to cultivate indigo on at least 25% of their holding area. When they delivered the crop to the planter a new loan was given to ryots and cycle started again.
Ryots were reluctant to grow indigo because:
(a) The indigo system was intensely oppressive.
(b) Peasants who were initially tempted by the loans soon realized how harsh the system was. The price they got for the indigo they produced was very low and the cycle of loans never ended.
(c) The planters usually insisted that indigo be cultivated on the best soils in which peasants preferred to cultivate rice.
(d) Indigo had deep roots and it exhausted the soil rapidly. After an indigo harvest, the land could not be sown with rice.

1. The revenues of the land were fixed at a much higher rate. Most of the zamindars found it difficult to pay the revenues. Anyone who was not able to pay lost his zamindari rights.
2. Because the zamindars were not sure if they would get the zamindari of the same piece of land again, they made no efforts to improve the land.
3. Zamindars tried to exact maximum revenues from the peasants. This led to the deterioration of the condition of the farmers and left them to the mercy of the zamindars.
4. The zamindar had to pay fixed revenues to the government even after the expansion of cultivation. The British realised that this was causing a loss of revenues.

RYOTWARI SYSTEM
1. In this system, the cultivators or roots were given the right to occupy the land they cultivated and were recognised as owners of the land as long as they paid land revenue.

2. The Ryotwari system was introduced in Carnatic and Mysore at the instance of Thomas Munro and Captain Reed.

Mahalwari system
1. In Mahalwari system, the land was not owned by an individual, be it the Zamindars or ryots but by a 'Mahal' which was a group of villages.

2. The Mahalwari system was first adopted in Agra and Awadh.

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The Ryotwari system was a land revenue system in British India, introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820 based on system administered by Captain Alexander Read in the Baramahal district. The system was devised by Capt. Alexander Read and Thomas (later Sir Thomas) Munro at the end of the 18th century and introduced by the latter when he was governor (1820–27) of Madras (now Chennai). The principle was the direct collection of the land revenue from each individual cultivator by government agents.

The 2 main features were:

• It tried to eliminate the influence of the intermediaries, that is the middle men in the collection of land revenue.
• It tried to extract revenue directly from the Ryots, that is the villagers. 4.3. 116 votes. 116 votes. Thanks 122. sonabrainly. Genius.

Ryotwari settlement: In ryotwari system the ownership rights were hsnded ower to the peasants. British government collected taxes directly from the peasants. Permanent settelment: Permanent settlement is a settlement between east india company and the bengalis about fixing of land revenues. Munro system also called as ryotwari system was introduced by Thomas munro during British rule in india. It's features are as follows: In this system, the British collected revenue directly from the tenants. The revenue was fixed at half the value of the crop. The Permanent Settlement, also known as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was an agreement between the East India Company and Bengali landlords to fix revenues to be raised from land that had far-reaching consequences for both agricultural methods and productivity in the entire British Empire.

When Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa, a peasant from Bihar persuaded him to visit Champaran and see the plight of the indigo cultivators there. Role of Mahatma Gandhi: Mahatma Gandhi's visit in 1917 marked the beginning of the Champaran movement against the indigo planters. ... It was victory for Gandhiji. The Champaran Satyagraha is considered to be a vital event in the history of India's freedom struggle. It was the first India's Civil Disobedience movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi to protest against the injustice meted out to tenant farmers in Champaran district of Bihar.

A constituent assembly or constitutional assembly is a body or assembly of popularly elected representatives which is assembled for the purpose of drafting or adopting a constitution or similar document. The Constituent Assembly of India, consisting of indirectly elected representatives, was established to draft a constitution for India (including the now-separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh). It existed for approx. three years, the first parliament of India after independence in 1947.

 Earth also called as the “blue planet” or “blue marble”. The earth consists of 71% water in its oceans surrounding the land- the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean and water is also present in other bodies of rivers, lakes, etc. We, the inhabitants of the earth including humans, mammals, birds, other species all need water (H2O) and oxygen to survive and earth is the only planet with all the right conditions to support life as we know it, though there are discoveries being made on finding liquid water on other exoplanets.

Also, most of the water is held by the ocean about 96.5% covered with it. Since it covers such a huge span, the water molecules easily absorb red colours, ultraviolet, and infrared red. "Blue colour" is also one of the last colours to be absorbed by the ocean. This blue colour is reflected when the earth is observed from the space. Thus, the earth is called the "blue planet" or the "water planet".

Land revenue has been the traditional basis for state finance, and the British were no exception. The Company determined the amount of land revenue payable through a process called “settlement”.

Permanent Settlement: Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793. Under this system, the zamindars collected the revenue; and at the same time, became owners of all land under their jurisdiction.

On the other hand, the peasants became rent-paying tenants, who could be evicted at will.

The revenue amount, fixed arbitrarily, was quite high. The zamindar had to submit the revenue at a particular date, even if the crop failed or got damaged or destroyed. Otherwise, the state reserved the right to sell his entire estate.

The Ryotwari Settlement: In 1798, Lord Wellesley ordered the implementation of the Permanent Settlement in Madras. But his decision was opposed by a civilian named Thomas Munro, who pointed out the shortcomings of the system. Moreover, Munro made the Company’s Court of Directors realize that in India, if the ryot (peasant) who cultivates the land is also made its owner, he would be encouraged to improve both agricultural production and productivity.

Consequently, in 1812, the Ryotwari Settlement was introduced in the lands seized from Mysore. Later, it was implemented in Bombay.

Under this settlement, a village-level survey was conducted, followed by the drawing up of a register of all land within each village. The land was then categorized based on productivity.

Like the Permanent Settlement, the Ryotwari Settlement too promoted individual ownership of land, but while the former focussed on the Zamindars, the latter made the peasant as the proprietor, who was responsible for payment of land revenue (in cash) to the government agents. Thus, the peasant got the opportunity to own the land he cultivated, with no intermediary between him and the state he owed revenue to.

Another important difference was that the rate of revenue was not permanently fixed, but was revised after every 20–30 years. In Bombay, for instance, 55 per cent of the produce was fixed as revenue for 30 years. This way, the government was able to grab a share of the increased produce.

The Mahalwari system: It was a modified version of the Permanent Settlement that was introduced in the Gangetic Valley, the North-West Provinces, parts of Central India, and the Punjab.

“Mahal” means village. So, under the Mahalwari system, the settlement was made with a village, rather than with an individual peasant or zamindar.

It was the duty of the local lambardar to collect revenue from the peasants of his village. Initially, the rate was fixed (at two-thirds of the produce for 20–30 years), but was eventually reduced to one-half.

Like the Ryotwari System, here too the peasants were saved from dealing with corrupt revenue officials; but the rate of revenue was extremely high.

Secularism means allowing individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices. To provide religious freedom, India adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State