It is a chemical reaction in which you mix two solutions of two ionic substances and a solid ionic substance (a precipitate) forms.
For example, precipitation occurs when a part of the atmosphere saturates itself with water vapour and when the right temperature comes its condenses and precipitates. The two processes which make the air saturated are the cooling of air molecules and the addition of water vapour.

• Thorium is a chemical element with atomic number 90 and represented with the symbol ‘Th’ in the periodic table.
• In its pure form, it is a silvery white metal which is stable in air and remains lustrous for several months. When it reacts with oxides it slowly transforms into a gray color.
• Thorium is a weak radioactive metal as its isotopes are highly unstable. It is estimated that the element This is more abundant than Uranium in the Earth’s crust. It is found in small amounts in most rocks and soils.
• Thorium is named after Thor, The Scandinavian God of war. It was discovered by a Swedish Scientist named Jons Jacob Berzelius in the year 1828.

When we cannot reuse a source of energy after using it once we call them “conventional sources of energy” or “non-renewable energy resources”. They are the most important conventional sources of energy. These include coal, petroleum, natural gas and nuclear energy. Oil is the most widely used source of energy. Coal, petroleum and natural gas account for about 90% of world’s production of commercial energy and hydroelectric and nuclear power account for about 10%.

The Agarias are a community of iron smelters. They are specialized in the craft of iron smelting. In the late 19th century a series of famines devastated the dry tracts of India. In central India, many of the Agaria iron smelters stopped work, deserted their villages and migrated, looking for some other work to survive the hard times. A large number of them never worked their furnaces again.

Urbanisation refers to the movement of rural populations to the urban areas. This leads to the increase of urban population. 

Over time, different Indians from all walks of life began to view the British as their common enemy.
They became united to rise against the British, and in May 1857, a massive rebellion started that threatened the company’s very presence in India.
From Meerut To Delhi

On 29 March 1857, a young soldier named Mangal Pandey was hanged to death for attacking his officers in Barrackpore.
The sepoys, most of whom were Hindus and Muslims, refused to do the army drill using the new rifle cartridges which they suspected of being coated with the fat of cows and pigs to destroy their religions.
Determined to bring an end to the company’s rule. the sepoys rushed from Meerut to Delhi.
As the news of their arrival spread, regiments stationed in Delhi also rose up in rebellion. They killed several British officers, seized arms and ammunitions, and set buildings on fire.
Finally, they met the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar and proclaimed him as their leader.
The Mughal emperor also got support from the rulers and chiefs of the country, and together they rose against the British power; people were convinced that the Mughals would make better rulers than the British.
The Rebellion Spreads

After the British were routed from Delhi, there was no uprising for some days. Then, a spurt of mutinies began, and regiment after regiment mutinied and took off to join other troops at nodal points like Delhi, Kanpur and Lucknow.
After them, the people of the towns and villages also rose up in rebellion and rallied around local leaders, zamindars and chiefs who also were desperate to establish their authority and fight the British.
Nanasaheb, the adopted son of the late Peshwa Baji Rao, gathered armed forces, expelled the British garrison from his city, and he declared that he was a governor under authority from the Emperor of India Bahadur Shah Zafar.
In Lucknow, Birjis Qadra, the son of the deposed Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, was proclaimed the new Nawab; his mother Begum Hazrat Mahal took an active part in organising the uprising against the British.
In Jhansi, Rani Lakshmi Bai joined the rebel along with Tantia Tope, the general of Nana Saheb.
New leaders came up like, Ahmad Ullah Shah, a maulvi from Faizabad, came to Lucknow to fight the British.
In Delhi, a large number of ghazis or religious warriors came together.
Bakht Khan, a soldier from Bareilly, took charge of a large force of fighters who came to Delhi, and became a key military leader of the rebellion.
In Bihar, an old zamindar, Kunwar Singh, joined the rebel sepoys and battled with the British for many months.

William Jones was a British linguist who arrived at Calcutta, India, in 1783. Initially, he was appointed as a junior judge in the Supreme Court established by the Company in India. Jones had knowledge of Greek, Latin, French, Arabic and Persian. He learned Sanskrit after arriving in India. He was an orientalist who took interest in studying Indian texts on religion, law, philosophy, arithmetic, medicine and other sciences. He along with the help of the other orientalists set up the Asiatic Society of Bengal and started a journal called Asiatick Researches.

William Jones was a British linguist who arrived at Calcutta, India, in 1783. Initially, he was appointed as a junior judge in the Supreme Court established by the Company in India. Jones had knowledge of Greek, Latin, French, Arabic and Persian. He learned Sanskrit after arriving in India. He was an orientalist who took interest in studying Indian texts on religion, law, philosophy, arithmetic, medicine and other sciences. He along with the help of the other orientalists set up the Asiatic Society of Bengal and started a journal called Asiatick Researches.

Supreme Court: This is at the top of all state and district courts, presided by the Chief Justice of India. Because it is the highest authority of justice for the country, the decisions made by the Supreme Court stands above all other courts. The Supreme Court of India is located in Mandi House, New Delhi.

1. Ali was the ruler of Mysore.
2. He was a brilliant general, an efficient administrator and a shrewd diplomat.
3. He extended his kingdom up to River Krishna.
4. He strengthened his position by introducing various reforms and setting up a sound administrative system.

The factors influencing agriculture are:

a. Climate: Climate plays a very important role in agriculture. Too hot or too cold climatic conditions do not support agriculture.

b. Soil: Fertile soil is integral to agriculture. Soil must have adequate mineral and organic content to support crops. Deserts are unsuitable for agriculture because of barren soil devoid of any organic content.

c. Relief : Geographical areas also have an impact on agriculture. Plains are most suitable for agriculture while hilly areas and plateaus are difficult to cultivate on.

d. Other factors such as availability of irrigation facilities, size of the landholdings, transport facilities, etc also play a role since without these amenities modern agriculture would not be a profitable enterprise.

The Rowlatt Act was passed in the year of 1919.

Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generation.

Iron and steel industry is often referred to as the backbone of modern industry because almost everything used by us is either made up of steel or is made by machines which are made up of steel.

The Indian Constitution provides for the independence of the judiciary. It means that other branches of the State such as the legislature and the executive cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary. The courts are not under the government and do not act on their behalf. The courts ensure that there is no misuse of power of the legislature and the executive. Anyone can approach the courts if they find that their Fundamental Rights have been violated. Thus, the courts are not influenced by anyone, not even by the rich and powerful people.

A herd is a social group of certain animals of the same species, either wild or domestic. The form of collective animal behavior associated with this is referred to as herding. The term herd is generally applied to mammals, and most particularly to the grazing ungulates that classically display this behaviour. Common herd animals are bison, zebra, water buffalo, sheep, cows, goats. Animals that move in herds are usually migratory.