Article 17 (Abolition of Untouchability): Article 17 says that <i>Untouchability </i>is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an offense punishable by law.

Article 18 (Abolition of titles):

• Article 18 says that no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State. No citizen of India shall accept any title from any foreign state.
• The awards, Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhuhan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri, called as The National Awards would not amount to title within the meaning of Article 18(i).

Article 14 (Equality before law):

• Article 14 says that state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

Article 15 (Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, *** or place of birth):

• Article 15 says that the state shall not discriminate against only of religion, race, ***, place of birth or any of them.

Iron and steel industry is often referred to as the backbone of the modern industry because almost everything is either made from iron or steel or has been made using tools and machineries of these metals. It plays an important role as a basic necessity of today's economy. Materials of our day-to-day utility, from safety pins to cars, are made from steel. Without the use of iron no industry can run.

Recognising that Muslims in India were lagging behind in terms of various development indicators, the government set up a high-level committee in 2005. Chaired by Justice Rajindar Sachar, the committee examined the social, economic and educational status of the Muslim community in India. The report discusses in detail the marginalization of this community. It suggests that on a range of social, economic and educational indicators the situation of the Muslim community is comparable to that of other marginalised communities like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Article 22 of the Constitution and criminal law guarantee to every arrested person the following Fundamental Rights:

• The Right to be informed at the time of arrest of the offence for which the person is being arrested.
• The Right to be presented before a magistrate within 24 hours of arrest.
• The Right not to be ill treated or tortured during arrest or in custody.
• Confessions made in police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused.
• A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to the police station only for questioning.

European traders first encountered fine cotton cloth from India carried by Arab merchants in Mosul in present-day Iraq. So they began referring to all finely woven textiles as “muslin” – a word that acquired wide currency. When the Portuguese first came to India in search of spices they landed in Calicut on the Kerala coast in south-west India. The cotton textiles which they took back to Europe, along with the spices, came to be called “calico” (derived from Calicut), and subsequently calico became the general name for all cotton textiles.

On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified as follows:

1. Private Sector: These are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, e.g. TATA and Reliance.
2. Public Sector: These are owned by the government or government agencies, e.g. SAIL, HAL, etc.
3. Joint Sector: These are jointly owned by the government and private owners, e.g. Delhi Metro, Maruti, etc.
4. Cooperative Sector: When workers or producers join together to form a company in which profit and workload are equally shared, it is called a cooperative, e.g. Amul, Lijjat, Mother Dairy, etc.

On the basis of size, i.e. the amount of capital invested, industries can be classified as follows:

1. Cottage Industry: When products are manufactured by hand and by artisans, it is called cottage industry. Basket weaving, pottery, etc. are examples of cottage industry. A small amount of capital is invested in small scale industries.
2. Large Scale Industry: When a high amount of capital is invested, it is called large scale industry. Large scale industry also produces in large volumes, e.g. automobile industry.

Classification of Industry

On the basis of raw materials, industry can be categorized as follows:

1. Agro-based Industries: When plants and animal based products are used as raw materials, it is called agro-based industry, e.g. cotton textiles, leather, edible oil, etc.
2. Mineral-based Industries: When minerals are the raw materials, it is called mineral-based industry, e.g. iron and steel, petrochemical, etc. The products of mineral-based industry feed other industries.
3. Marine-based Industries: When products from seas and oceans are used as raw materials, it is called marine-based industry, e.g. sea food industry.
4. Forest-based Industries: When forest produce are the raw materials, it is called forest-based industry, e.g. paper, furniture, pharmaceutical, safety matches, etc.

It is estimated that development schemes like dams, mines, industries and various projects have resulted in the displacement of about 40 per cent tribals between 1951 and 1991. The illiterate and powerless tribals have been compelled to leave their resource-rich regions and migrate to other places.

Hierarchy is a system in which members of an organization or society are ranked according to relative status or authority.

Article 15 of the Indian Constitution states prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, *** or place of birth.

1. The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of religion, race, caste, ***, place of birth or any of them.

2. No citizen shall, on the grounds of religion, race, caste, ***, place of birth or any of them, be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to

• Access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment; or
• The use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public recreation maintained wholly or partly out of State funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.

The Mahalwari system is one of the three major land tenure systems implemented by the British in India.
Mahalwari system was introduced in 1833 during the period of William Bentick.
It was introduced in Central Province, North-West Frontier, Agra, Punjab, Gangetic Valley, etc of British India.
The Mahalwari system had many provisions of both the Zamindari System and Ryotwari System.
In this system, the land was divided into Mahals. Each Mahal comprises one or more villages.
Ownership rights were vested with the peasants.
The villages committee was held responsible for collection of the taxes.

The condition of women in the 19th century was very bad in society as all her decisions were taken by her dad, brother,husband and later by her son. women was considered as emotional and weak.They were not allowed to do anything and has just responsibility to take care of children.widows have no right to live and were forced to sit on her husband's funeral,this system is known as sati system.

The Bay of Bengal branch of S.W. monsoons approaches Shillong about a week before it touches Kolkata. So, the early start of monsoons gives Shillong more rains. Shillong is also located on the 1500-metre high Meghalaya plateau. A sub-branch of the Bay of Bengal branch strikes it directly. Here the Garo, Khasi Hills capture the clouds like a funnel and cause heavy rains