The Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to prevent atrocities against scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
Article 17 of Indian Constitution seeks to abolish 'untouchability' and to forbid all such practices. It is basically a "statement of principle" that needs to be made operational with the ostensible objective to remove humiliation and multifaceted harassments meted to the Dalits and to ensure their fundamental and socio-economic, political, and cultural rights.
The normal provisions of the existing laws like, the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and Indian Penal Code have been found inadequate to check these atrocities continuing the gross indignities and offences against Scheduled Castes and Tribes. Recognizing these, the Parliament passed ‘Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act’.
The purpose of the Act was to help the social inclusion of Dalits  into Indian society, but the Act has failed to live up to its expectations admitted by the Union Minister for Home Affairs in parliament on 30 August 2010.

When a particular social group is forced to live on the fringes rather than in the mainstream; this is called marginalization. A marginalized section of the society does not get proper opportunity of socio-economic development.

The reason behind this is that people usually want to live in the places which are comfortable. People avoid extreme climatic conditions let it be cold or hot. Since Siberia has extreme cold weather and winters are longer there as compared to other places.

On 12 March 1930, Gandhi started the Dandi march from Sabarmati Ashram towards the small coastal village of Dandi. He marched against the state monopoly in manufacturing and selling of salt. Gandhi chose salt because it was used in every Indian household, yet people were not allowed to make salt even for domestic use. Parallel salt marches were conducted all over the country. Gandhi after reaching dandi broke the salt laws by manufacturing salt. It led to the begining of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Historically, tribals have been exploited and displaced from their lands in order to appropriate the rich natural wealth of the forests. Starting from the colonial government of the British to the NDA government led by the BJP, governments have passed laws and orders displacing more and more farmers and tribals from their lands to make way for woodcutting, damn building and mining. The major reasons for their displacement are lack of political awareness, lack of effective political representation in the national mainstream, corruption in the government and the police, unbridled greed of the corporate/capitalist class and the refusal of the general populace to take greater interest in the issues of the tribal people.

The first iron and steel plant in India was set up in 1907 at Jamshedpur. At that time, it was a small village named Sakchi; near the confluence of the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai in modern day Jharkhand. This plant is called Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO).

n the basis of ownership, industries can be classified as follows:

1. Private Sector: These are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, e.g. TATA and Reliance.
2. Public Sector: These are owned by the government or government agencies, e.g. SAIL, HAL, etc.
3. Joint Sector: These are jointly owned by the government and private owners, e.g. Delhi Metro, Maruti, etc.
4. Cooperative Sector: When workers or producers join together to form a company in which profit and workload are equally shared, it is called a cooperative, e.g. Amul, Lijjat, Mother Dairy, etc.

On the basis of size, i.e. the amount of capital invested, industries can be classified as follows:

1. Cottage Industry: When products are manufactured by hand and by artisans, it is called cottage industry. Basket weaving, pottery, etc. are examples of cottage industry. A small amount of capital is invested in small scale industries.
2. Large Scale Industry: When a high amount of capital is invested, it is called large scale industry. Large scale industry also produces in large volumes, e.g. automobile industry.

Classification of Industry

On the basis of raw materials, industry can be categorized as follows:

1. Agro-based Industries: When plants and animal based products are used as raw materials, it is called agro-based industry, e.g. cotton textiles, leather, edible oil, etc.
2. Mineral-based Industries: When minerals are the raw materials, it is called mineral-based industry, e.g. iron and steel, petrochemical, etc. The products of mineral-based industry feed other industries.
3. Marine-based Industries: When products from seas and oceans are used as raw materials, it is called marine-based industry, e.g. sea food industry.
4. Forest-based Industries: When forest produce are the raw materials, it is called forest-based industry, e.g. paper, furniture, pharmaceutical, safety matches, etc.

Pollution is an undesirable change in the environment. Most of the abiotic components like water, air, soil are polluted day-by-day thereby polluting the environment. 

People had lived in fear of the British government and did not agree with many of the decisions taken by the Britishers under colonial rule.

1. People were subjected to injustice and could not voice their opinions.
2. They faced great danger if they tried to criticise the decisions of the British government.
3. With the coming of independence, everyone became the citizens of a free country. The freedom movement changed this situation and the nationalists began to openly criticise the British government and make demands for freedom and equality.
4. They demanded that there must be elected members in the legislature with a right to discuss the budget and ask questions.
5. This did not mean that the government could do what it felt like, it meant that the government had to be sensitive to people’s needs and demands. The dreams and aspirations of the freedom struggle were made concrete in the Constitution of independent India.
6. These ideas were included in the Constitution of independent India that laid down the principle of universal adult franchise, i.e. that all adult citizens of the country have the right to vote. That way, the citizens can participate in forming the government and they can monitor its functioning.

Hence, the nationalist movement supported the idea of universal adult franchise, so that the people can form the government and take part in its decision making processes.

Important causes of the Revolt of 1857 were:

• Policy of Expansion - The British authorities annexed many independent Indian states on one pretext or the other. As a result the Company became the supreme ruling power in India and the rest of the ruling class became mere puppets in their hands.
• Annexation of Awadh - On February 13, 1856, Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh to the Company’s territories. This was done under the pretext of alleged misrule by the Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. However, this led to a lot of resentment among the ruling elite of Awadh and the Indian sepoys working under the East India Company.
• Ill-treatment of Indian Soldiers - The East India Company discriminated against their Indian sepoys. They were poorly paid, ill-fed and badly housed. They were forbidden from wearing any caste or sectarian marks, beads or turbans. As a result, there was resentment among the Indian troops.
• General Service Enlistment Act - The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856 required Indian soldiers to be sent overseas for deployment if required. However, traditionally it was a taboo for the Brahmins to cross the seas. Hindus reacted negatively to this decision which was taken in complete disregard to their religious beliefs.
• Larger Proportion of Indians in the British Army - In the year 1856, the Company army had2, 38,000 Indians and 45,322 British soldiers. Dalhousie had recommended recruitment of more British troops but it was not done at that point of time. As a result, it became easier for the rebelling Indian troops to overwhelm their British colleagues.
• Interference with Social Customs - Many of the social reforms introduced by the Company government were not appreciated by the conservative sections of Indian society. Reforms like the abolition of Sati (1829), the introduction of the Widow Remarriage Act (1856) and the opening of Western education for girls led to a lot of resentment.
• Policy of Racial Discrimination - The British officers of the East India Company’s army often mistreated their Indian sepoys. Muslim soldiers were dubbed as cruel and all communities had to witness racial abuse in some or the other form. As a result, there was a lot of anger against the racial discrimination policy.

James Mill and Thomas Babington Macaulay think that European education is essential for India because they were of the opinion that the knowledge of the East was unscientific, illogical and irrational. They contended that the western education was scientific and logical. James Mill believed that Indians should be given the knowledge of scientific and technical advancements which have been made in the West.

Following are the main causes of uneven distribution of population in the world:

• Geographical causes: Topography, climate, soil, water and mineral
• Social, cultural and economic causes

In 1901, rabindra nath tagore started school at shantiniketan. tagore's vision was a world where man exists in perfect harmony with nature. it was named 'patha Bhavana' and started with only 5 students. open air education as opposed to being cloistered in the four walls of a classroom became a reality here.