The total income of countries is not used to make an economic comparison between them because the population of each country varies and it does not give an idea what an average citizen is earning as the occupation is also different.

Some countries even sponsor the expenses of health & education which are not an income.

The full name of A. O. Hume  is Allan Octavian Hume

This is one of the oldest industries. Till the industrial revolution in the 18th century, manual labour was used for making cotton cloths. After the industrial revolution, power looms replaced handlooms and it helped in expansion of cotton textiles industry. The expansion of cotton textiles industry first took place in Britain and then in other parts of the world.

At present; India, China, Japan and USA are the major producers of cotton textiles.

Indian cotton textiles were in great demand because of their fine quality and craftsmanship. The Muslins of Dhaka, Chintzes of Masulipatnam, Calicos of Calicut and Gold-wrought cotton Burhanpur, Surat and Vadodara were very popular around the world.

But after the industrial revolution in Britain, the Indian cotton textiles could not compete with machine made cloths from Britain.

First Information Report (FIR):

It is with the registration of an FIR that the police can begin their investigations into a crime. The law states that it is compulsory for an officer in charge of a police station to register an FIR whenever a person gives information about a cognizable offence. This information can be given to the police either orally or in writing. The FIR usually mentions the date, time and place of the offence, details the basic facts of the offence, including a description of the events. If known, the identity of the accused persons and witnesses is also mentioned. The FIR also states the name and address of the complainant. There is a prescribed form in which the police registers an FIR and it is signed by the complainant. The complainant also has a legal right to get a free copy of the FIR from the police.

Powers and Functions of the Supreme Court of India are:

• It is the highest court of appeal in the civil and criminal cases.
• The Supreme Court can hear appeal against the decisions of the High Court.
• It can decide any disputes which arise between the citizens of the country, between citizens and the Government, between two or more state governments and between the Central and the State Governments.
• The Supreme Court can declare any law passed by the Government as illegal if it violates any provisions of the Constitution.

Powers and Functions of the Supreme Court of India are:

• It is the highest court of appeal in the civil and criminal cases.
• The Supreme Court can hear appeal against the decisions of the High Court.
• It can decide any disputes which arise between the citizens of the country, between citizens and the Government, between two or more state governments and between the Central and the State Governments.
• The Supreme Court can declare any law passed by the Government as illegal if it violates any provisions of the Constitution.

Two ways in which the constitution ensures the independence and impartiality of the high courts are:

• The salaries and allowances of the judges can not be reduced to their disadvantage during their term of office
• No discussions can be made in the state legislature regarding the conduct of the judges

The rule of law implies that every person is subject to the law, including people who are lawmakers, law enforcement officials, and judges. In this sense, it stands in contrast to a monarchy or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law.[citation needed] Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and monarchies, for example, because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it.

Land use pattern refers to the way the land is utilised.

1. The Forest cover of the country is less than the prescribed 33% of the total country’s land. Forests occupy about 23.81% of the total land surface in India.
2. Total net sown area of India is 46.24% of the total land in the country.
3. Net sown area differs from state to state. While in Punjab and Haryana, the net sown area is more than 80% of the total land in the state, it is less than 10% in Arunanchal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman Nicobar Islands. 3.38% of the total land is used for grazing while rests of the remaining lands are fallow and waste lands.
4. In India, the land under permanent pasture has decreased.

land under forest not increased much since 1960 because there has been constant deforestation of forests for expanding agricultural fields, fro building residential areas, highways, large dams etc

1. Swami Dayanand, Yug Pravartak / Yug Drashta, Founder of Arya Samaj, rebuilt the entire Indian nation & HINDU Society in a NEW Mould where every Hindu & Arya had to believe firmly that this country ” BHARAT” is their own land & No person of FOREIGN BIRTH could ever become HEAD of its affairs in any way.

2. He believed & proved that in our Vedas there was no such thing as Untouchability . He & through his Arya Samaj succeeded in launching a Great movement against Untouchability which was followed up & taken up by Gandhiji & Congress in a BIG way during our Freedom struggle & post -independence.

3. Child Marriages : In Maharishi Dayanand’s days, the child marriages were a very common factor. Maharishi Dayanand & his Arya Samaj propagated against this curse from our Hindu Society. Even now , it is prevalent in certain regions & amongst backward Hindus.

4. Maharishi Dayanand & its Arya Samaj launched yet another related curse of Hindu Society , namely, marrying more than one wife or Polygamy: Arya Samaj through “Magic Lantern ” Arya Pracharaks who travelled widely deep into the villages & towns successfully removed this evil from our Hindu society. (Subsequently, it was lawfully abolished under Hindu Code bill ).Still there are examples of this curse of Polygamy amongst our Hindus, which is spreading like a menace which requires to be controlled at all levels, specially our Politicians & Affluent class require some Ved Prachar for it.

5.AryaSamaj successfully fought with the orthodox Brahmin Community & established that there was No example in the Vedas to worship the idol as God is Omnipotent, Omnipresent and formless, once it is omnipresent, it cannot be confined under lock & key any where NOR evn in their so called Temples which have become Nothing more that “Religious shops ” for the pandits.

6. Dayanand preached & pleaded with the Orthodox Hindu Community to return to Vedas in true sense & to follow its dictates. He organized to obtain the Original Vedas from Germany & translated them in simple Sanskrit & Hindi along with his famous Book , ” Rigveda Bhashya” , “Solah Sanaskars”etc.

A market structure characterized by a single seller, selling a unique product in the market. In a monopoly market, the seller faces no competition, as he is the sole seller of goods with no close substitute.

Charles Wood was a British Liberal politician and Member of Parliament. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1846 to 1852. Later he became the President of the Board of Control of the East India Company. In 1854 he sent the "Wood's despatch" to the Governor General Lord Dalhousie.
As per this despatch:
An education department was to be set in every province.
Universities on the model of the London University be established in big cities such as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.
At least one government school be opened in every district.
Affiliated private schools should be given grant in aid.
The Indian natives should be given training in their mother tongue also.
Wood's Despatch is called Magnacarta of English Education in India.
Accordance with Wood's despatch, Education Departments were established in every province and universities were opened at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1857 on the model of the London University.
Later more universities were opened in Punjab in 1882 and at Allahabad 1887.

The Constitution lays down the principles that make our society and polity democratic. They are defined in and through the list of Fundamental Rights that are an important part of the Constitution. These rights are available to all Indians equally. As far as the marginalised are concerned, they have drawn on these rights in two ways: first, by insisting on their Fundamental Rights, they have forced the government to recognise the injustice done to them. Second, they have insisted that the government enforce these laws. In some instances, the struggles of the marginalised have influenced the government to frame new laws, in keeping with the spirit of the Fundamental Rights.

The British rule resulted in the destruction of Indian industry, trade and handicrafts

Role of Raja Rammohun Roy:

• Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a great social and religious reformer. He undertook several social reforms to change the society and worked to uplift the status of women in India.
• It was largely due to his efforts that the practise of 'Sati' was made a crime punishable by law. 
• He criticised the 'purdah system', polygamy, discouraged child marriages and advocated the rights of widows to remarry. 
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy advocated the liberty of Women. He also told that like the sons, daughters have also their right over parental property.
• He was the advocate of women education.

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was extremely affected by the plight of the widows in India, especially in the feudal setup of Bengal. 
• Despite widespread disapproval of the orthodox elements in the society, he continued with his efforts to reform this evil. Finally, in 1856, Lord Dalhousie passed the Widow Remarriage Act.
• He also assisted Drinkwater Bethune in founding the first Indian school for girls in Calcutta in 1849. He introduced the study of Western philosophy in the Sanskrit College where he served as the principal and opened as many as five schools for girls.
• Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar also fought against the evil of child marriage and strongly protested against polygamy.

M e a n i n g of colonalisation :

The subjugation of one country by another, which leads to political, economic,cultural & social changes (in the country which is subjugated), this is called colonisation.

The justice system's major components—police, courts, and corrections—prevent or deter crime by apprehending, trying, and punishing offenders. The criminal-justice system consists of three main parts: Law enforcement agencies, usually the police. Courts and accompanying prosecution and defence lawyers. Agencies for detaining and supervising offenders, such as prisons and probation agencies. The purpose of the Criminal Justice System... is to deliver justice for all, by convicting and punishing the guilty and helping them to stop offending, while protecting the innocent.

The Muslim League Council proclaimed 16th August 1946 as ‘Direct Action Day’ in order to accentuate their demand of a separate Muslim homeland after the British left the Indian subcontinent. Their main aim was to attain a different country with a Muslim majority.

Adivasis, as their name reflects, are the earliest inhabitants of the subcontinent and once inhabited much larger areas than they do at present. Little is known of their history, although it appears that many were pushed into the hill areas after the invasions of the Indo-Aryan tribes 3,000 years ago. Adivasis have also lived in areas that are rich in minerals and other natural resources. These are taken over for mining and other large industrial projects. Losing their lands and access to the forest means that tribals lose their main sources of livelihood and food.

D. K. Basu Guidelines are the specific requirements and procedures laid down by the Supreme Court of India for the police and other agencies to follow during the arrest, detention and interrogation of any person.

Some of these guidelines include:

• The police officials who carry out the arrest or interrogation should wear clear, accurate and visible identification and name tags with their designations.
• A memo of arrest should be prepared at the time of arrest and should include the time and date of arrest. It should also be attested by at least one witness who could include a family member of the person arrested. The arrest memo should be counter-signed by the person arrested.
• The person arrested, detained or being interrogated has a right to inform a relative, friend or well wisher.
• When a friend or relative lives outside the district, the time, place of arrest and venue of custody must be notified by police within 8 to 12 hours after arrest.