The National Archives of India came up in the 1920.

The National Archives of India is the repository of non-current records of the Government of India and is holding them in trust for the use of administrators and scholars. It is an Attached Office of the Department of Culture under Ministry of Tourism & Culture. It was set up in March 1891 in Kolkata as the Imperial Record Department and subsequent to the transfer of the National Capital from Calcutta to New Delhi in 1911 it was shifted to its present building in New Delhi, in 1926.

Universal Adult Franchise is the fundamental right of the adult citizens above the age of 18 years and above without being discriminated against on the basis of gender , caste or religionin our country

Universal Adult Franchise means that the right to vote should be given to all adult citizens without the discrimination of caste, class, colour, religion or gender. It is based on equality, which is a basic principle of democracy.       

East India Company started its first factory in West Bengal, on the banks of the River Hugli, in 1651. As trade developed, the Company asked local merchants, who acted as middlemen for them, to come and settle near the factory. ... Thus they entered the political scene in India. They also used astute policies such as the doctrine of lapse, and Subsidiary Alliances to enhance their power.  As the princely states were bribed and paid by the British, they too joined hands with them and chose to be English slaves. India was a densely populated country. India had roughly 25% of global population. Indian resources were already under pressure due to huge population and it didn't made much sense for British to settle in a very large number. British were more interested in looting India and taking money back.

Although Hinduism is the religion of most of the Indians; the Muslim period did not begin one fine day. Muslims had been living in India from much earlier than beginning of the Islamic rule in India. Even during the peak of the Mughal Empire, there were many territories which were ruled by Hindu kings. Moreover, the British projected the so called Hindu and Muslim periods as the dark ages. They thought that the British rule would take India towards enlightenment. This was also a wrong notion.

The main purposes of conducting surveys:To test drive an interactive, adaptive survey technology for surveying over the Internet, using email as the means of transport.To measure the distribution of electronic documents published by the White House over the Internet and other computer networks, and in particular to:map primary and secondary paths of distribution;estimate number and demographics of recipients;get data on use of and attitude toward documents;learn how to improve the publications system;evaluate the survey technology.

In general, there are three types of resources or sources of information: primary, secondary, and tertiary. The most desirable source for an individual claim is the scholarly work that gives weight to discussing the claim in the first place. Works of historical scholarship usually both historicise and provide a narrative. Primary sources may include diaries, letters, interviews, oral histories, photographs, newspaper articles, government documents, poems, novels, plays, and music. The collection and analysis of primary sources is central to historical research.

No, we can’t consider the official records as the perfect literary source for our information because they provide and represent the administrative view of the events and people of that time. These records can only give the official view of a picture but not of a common man or the persons talked about in records.

When we talk about a market we generally visualize a crowded place with a lot of consumers and a few shops. People are buying various goods like groceries, clothing, electronics, etc.

And the shops are also selling a variety of products and services as well. So in a traditional sense, a market is where buyers and seller meet to exchange goods and services.

But what is a market in economics? In economics, we do not refer to a market as a physical place. Economists will describe a market as coming together of the buyers and sellers, i.e. an arrangement where buyers and sellers come in direct or indirect contact to sell/buy goods and services.

• official records do not tell us what people of the country react for the laws that comprise officers opinion and activities.
• But these information can also be obtained from ldeas of prisoners, autobiographies of important people, book of travellers, activists , records of people etc....

• Pakistan under General Musharraf could not be regarded as Democracy as it was a military dictatorship where the latter overthrew a democratically elected government in 1999 by staging a military coup.
• By declaring himself the chief executive and latter the President Genera Musharraf in 2001 he vested the decision making powers.
• In 2002 General Musharraf held parliamentary election or referendum which were not democratic as opposition parties were banned and the referendum as reported was characterized by malpractice's to endorse his rule.
• In 2002 the constitution was amended that gave the General supreme authority and absolute power to dissolve national and provisional assemblies.
• In Pakisatn, during military rule, all the major decisions were taken by the military rulers and General and not by the National assembly

The British believed that by preserving official documents it would have been easier for them or to know about the decisions taken in the past. According to the British, writing was more important than speaking as the documents in archives and museums can be utilized for reference at a much later period whenever required for studying or debating.

The European planters forced the ryots to sign a contract to grow indigo on 25% of their land holdings. The farmers who signed the contract were paid money in advance to grow indigo. After the indigo plant was given to the planters after the harvests, farmers were given new loans for growing indigo. The peasants who received advanced loans from the planters realised that the prices they received for the indigo plant was too low and they were always involved in the cycle of debt. Indigo had to be grown on the fertile soil. However, it exhausted the fertility of the soil. The farmers always preferred to grow rice on the fertile soil as once indigo was cultivated, the fertility of the soil decreased. Thus the ryots were reluctant to grow indigo.

The practice of surveying became common under the colonial administration.

(i)The British believed that a country had to be properly known before it could be effectively administered.

(ii)By the early nineteenth century detailed surveys were being carried out to map the entire country. In the villages, revenue surveys were conducted.

(iii)The effort was to know the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories, and the cropping pattern – all the facts seen as necessary to know about to administer the region. From the end of the nineteenth century, Census operations were held every ten years.

(iv)These prepared detailed records of the number of people in all the provinces of India, noting information on castes, religions and occupation.

(v)There were many other surveys – botanical surveys, zoological surveys, archaeological surveys, anthropological surveys, forest surveys.

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Secularism means allowing individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices. To provide religious freedom, India adopted a strategy of separating the power of religion and the power of the State.

The government is responsible for the enforcement of law.

Enforcement is important because the rights of the citizens have to be protected. It also becomes more necessary to have stronger laws because more Indian and foreign industries are being set up. In addition, it is very important to safeguard our environment.

1.Immigration means movement of people to a country and emigration means movement of people from a country.
2.Immigration can be called as moving into a country and emigration as moving out of a country.
3.An immigrant is one who migrates to a nation and emigrant is one who migrates away from his home country.
4.Immigration is Latin immigrare that means ‘to go into’. Emigration comes from Latin emigrare, which means ‘to move’.
5.Immigration and emigration have the same meaning ‘moving into’ but are opposed to each other in direction.

The key features of the Indian Constitution are explained below:
1) Federalism- Our Constitution has provided for a federal form of government. This means that we have government at the state level and at the centre. Panchayati Raj is the third tier of government. India is a large country with a vast number of communities living together in it. It was important to have another level of government in states so that decisions could be made for that particular area. While each state in India enjoys autonomy in exercising powers on certain issues, subjects on national concern require that all of these states follow the laws of the central government. Under federalism, the states are agents of the federal government and they draw their authority from the Constitution.

2) Parliamentary form of Government:  - The different tiers of government consists of representatives who are elected by the people. The Constitution of India guarantees universal adult franchise for all citizens. This means that people of India have a direct role in electing their representatives. At the same time, every citizen of the country, irrespective of his/her social background, can also contest in elections. These representatives are accountable to the people.

3) Separation of Powers - There are three organs of the state—the legislature, the executive and the judiciary. In order to prevent the misuse of power by any one branch of the state, the Constitution says that each of these organs should exercise different powers. In this way, each organ acts as a check on the other organs of the state and this establishes a balance of power between the three.

4) Fundamental Rights - Fundamental Rights are called the conscience of the Indian Constitution. These Rights protect against the absolute exercise of power by the state. The Constitution thus guarantees the rights of individuals against the state as well as against other individuals.

5)Secularism - It is an important feature of our Constitution. A secular state is one in which the state does not officially promote any one religion as the state religion.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was established on 8th  December1985 AD. It has been formed to solve the common problem of the countries of South Asia. The president of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahaman was the first person to develop the concept of SAARC. But later on, several meetings were held in government level. Most the countries of SAARC are poor and developing.
The major objectives of the SAARC are:

• To quicken the economic growth, social progress, and cultural development.
• To develop the welfare of the people of South Asia and to promote their quality of life.
• To promote towards mutual trust, understanding and appreciation of the problems of one another.
• To make the self-reliance among the countries of South Asia.

The Arms Act of 1878 (passed during the viceroyship of Lord Lytton) prevented the Indians to keep arms without appropriate license. Its violation would be a criminal offence. The Europeans and the Anglo- Indians were exempted from the operation of this legislation.

We can think of Raja Ravi Varma's paintings as national because he painted theme from Indian mythology. He had dramatised on canvas, scene after scene from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, drawing on the theatrical performances of mythological stories that he witnessed during his tour of the Bombay Presidency.