In terracing, wide steps are cut around the slopes of hills to prevent soil erosion. Contour ploughing follows the “natural shape” of the slope without altering it. Terrace farming alters the shape of the slope to produce flat areas that provide a catchment for water.
Terrace Farming: In Steep slope region when farming is done on flat surface. So, where does this flat surface come from? You made it available for yourself by using machines or manually. :) Just Think of Steps of your house. Your Dearest child insists to plant something on Every step. Terrace Farming it is somewhat bigger in size. You can visualize it.

Contour ploughing: In Steep slope region when you want to do farming without making available a flat surface for you because you’re too lazy to do all this work. so whats the solution now? Umm, well, now you are going to plant something down the slope without doing extra labor. An idea pops up into your mind to use physical barrier (Stones, sand or trenches) to prevent surface runoff.

List of Fundamental Duties

• Abide by the Constitution and respect national flag & National Anthem.
• Follow ideals of the freedom struggle.
• Protect sovereignty & integrity of India.
• Defend the country and render national services when called upon.
• Sprit of common brotherhood.
• Preserve composite culture.

In 1858, the responsibility of managing the affairs of the Indian states got transferred to the British Crown.
The English East India Company was set up in 1600 when Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter giving the company sole rights in England to establish trade relations with the East. The Portuguese, Dutch and French were trading with India much before the British.
India was famous for its great riches - silk, cotton and spices and there was stiff competition amongst various European companies for these products. This led to many fierce battles between the trading companies. However, trading by fortifying settlements led to conflicts among the local rulers.
In 1651, the first English factory was established on the banks of river Hugli in West Bengal.  As trade expanded, they started building a fort around the factory and eventually bribed the Mughals to give the Company zamindari rights over three surrounding villages.

Great Britain made its first tentative efforts to establish overseas settlements in the 16th century. Maritime expansion, driven by commercial ambitions and by competition with France were some of the reasons for Britain to colonise. The reasons for colonization were mainly political, religious, and economic. The British colonization of the Americas describes the history of the establishment of control, settlement, and decolonization of the continents of the Americas by the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Scotland, and, after the union of those two countries in 1707, the Kingdom of Great Britain.

In The Constitution of India book published and accepted by the first parliament of India on 26th of January 1950, under Article 51A, it’s been duly pointed out that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India –

-To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;

-To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;

-To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India;

-To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;

-To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women;

-To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;

-To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;

After Aurangazeb Mughal empire started declining not a single Mughal king who sat on the throne of Delhi was able enough to rule such a big empire conquered by Aurangzeb. Sikhs & Marathas took an advantage of declining Mughal empire. ... Rajput kingdoms in Rajasthan were freed from Mughals. When Aurangzeb died, the empire of the Mughals was the largest in India. Yet, within about fifty years of his death, the Mughal Empire disintegrated. Aurangzeb's death was followed by a war of succession among his three sons. It ended in the victory of the eldest brother, Prince Muazzam.

The Battle of Buxar (1764) was the decisive battle which was fought between English Forces, and combined army of Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Bengal, Nawab of Oudh Shah Alam II and Mughal Emperor. The battle was the outcome of misuse of Farman and Dastak, and also the trade expansionist aspiration of English. 

The battle of Buxar proved itself to be a turning point in the history of India. The interest of British was concentrated in the three coastal areas namely Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The Anglo-French wars in Carnatic and the battles of Palasi and Buxar began the period of British conquest of India. By 1765, the British had become the virtual rulers of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. The Nawab of Awadh had become dependent on them and so was the Nawab of Carnatic who was their creation.

World population distribution is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places which are densely populated contain many people. Sparsely populated places tend to be difficult places to live. Two major causes of the creation and distribution of wealth and income in the world are government policies and economic markets. As nations industrialize, they tend to move from a manufacturing-based economy towards a service-based economy. Following are the main causes of uneven distribution of population in the world: Geographical causes: Topography, climate, soil, water and mineral. Social, cultural and economic causes.

If there are no restrictions on the power of the elected representatives the leaders might misuse the powers given to them. The Constitution provides safeguards against this misuse of power by our political leaders. The Consitution lays down rules that guard the citizens against the misuse of power.

Stock resources are resources that can be permanently expended, and are therefore non-renewable, and whose quantity is usually expressed in absolute amounts rather than in rates. Examples are coal and petroleum deposits.

The framing the Indian Constitution was not an easy task for the members of the Constituent Assembly. Difficulties faced by them during the writing of the Constitution were

1. India, being a diverse country, was inhabited by the people belonging to different religions, caste, class and sect. Thus, they had to frame a Constitution which can satisfy the aspirations of each section of society. This was not an easy task.
2. The people of India had emerged as free citizens after independence. It was, thus, important for the framers to incorporate all the rights and duties of the citizens of the country in the Constitution.
3. India had become independent after experiencing million of deaths during the partition of the country. It was a traumatic experience for the people.
4. At the time of independence, many princely states existed in India. According to the instrument of accession, these states could either join India or Pakistan or remain independent. The merger of these princely states was a tough and a difficult task.

The country was, thus, going through a difficult phase after independence. At that time, the future of the country did not look as secure as it looks today. The framers of the Constitution had anxieties about present and they had to frame the Constitution which can keep the country united and strong in the coming years. They also had to ensure that the democratic spirit of the Constitution is maintained.

Constituent Assembly of India was set up under Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. It consisted of 385 members, of which 292 were elected by the elected members of the provincial Legislative Assemblies while 93 members were nominated by the Princely States.It also had one representative each from the four chief Commissioners provinces of Delhi, Ajmer-Marwar, Coorg and British Baluchistan. 

B N Rao was the Constitutional Advisor of the Assembly. Dr. Rajendra prasad was elected as its president.