• Lord Dalhousie was born James Andrew Broun-Ramsay to George Ramsay (9th Earl of Dalhousie) and his wife. The family was of Scottish origin.
• He studied at Harrow School and Christ Church College, Oxford.
• He entered active politics in 1837 when he was elected to the House of Commons.
• He was appointed the Governor-General of India and Governor of Bengal on 12th January 1848.
• Dalhousie regarded his chief aim in India the consolidation of British power. He was known to be a hard worker but was also authoritarian and tough.
• His estimate is something of a controversy. He was responsible for introducing a variety of modern reforms such as the railways, telegraph and postal networks, and public works in India. The Ganga Canal was completed during his tenure.

• Lord Cornwallis under directions from the then British PM, William Pitt, proposed the Permanent Settlement system in 1786. This came into effect in 1793, by the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793.

The Constitution could prevent tyranny by dividing powers between central and state government, dividing powers between the branches of government, using checks and balances and lastly, in the Legislative Branch, there is equal representation from all the states. A situation in which a government or other authority democratically supported by a majority of its subjects makes policies or takes actions benefiting that majority, without regard for the rights or welfare of the rest of its subjects. In 1831 an ambitious and unusually perceptive twenty-five-year-old French aristocrat visited the United States. Alexis de Tocqueville's official purpose was to study the American penal system, but his real interest was America herself.

James Mill was a scottish economist who founded the school of classical economics along with David Ricardo. In his influential three volume work ‘History of British India’, he forwarded the viewpoint that all Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe. That before the arrival of the British, India was ruled by Hindu and Muslim despots. Social life was plagued by religious strife, caste based discrimination and superstition. Mill propounded the notion that the period before British rule was of darkness and that the British rule represented all the forces of progress and civilisation.

We continue to associate history with a string of dates because the events occur in a chronological order and that helps to study the cause and effect relationship.

We associate history with dates because all the events in history occurred in a chronological order and dates help us to understand the cause and relationship of events. It is the dates which make us understand why a particular event occurred.

Dates act as a milestone and help us to compare the events and the the history. Without dates, history is mystery and events can not be understood in isolation.

Public interest litigation (PIL) which was devised by the apex court in 1984, is a valuable mechanism to redress the problems of the neglected, alienated and marginalized sections of society whose fundamental rights are infringed and violated and whose grievances go unnoticed, unrepresented and unheard. Public interest litigation is litigation for public interest i.e., it is a case filed in the interest of the public by a representative of the public. PIL was started to protect the fundamental rights of people who are poor, ignorant or in socially/economically disadvantaged position.

Jamshedpur is one of the first industrial planned cities of India and most populous urban agglomeration in the Indian state of Jharkhand. It was founded by Jamsetji Tata (Founder of Tata Groups) and was also named after him.

In the 18th century, the middle class emerged as a new group in the society of France. This group was comprised of people of various occupation such as lawyer, traders, merchants and administrative officials etc. This group was against the ideas of the monarchy; that granted privileges on the basis of birth. However, they gave more value to the qualities of a person. Merit should be the base of the social position of a person. The middle class gave a platform to the people who were fighting against the increasing taxes and food shortage. They were encouraged by the beliefs of equality and democracy proposed by English and French socio-political philosophers. These beliefs spread among the people as a consequence of intense conversation and discussions in coffee houses, salons through pamphlets and newspapers.

Most Important Features of a Company (Indian Companies Act, 1956)

1. Incorporated Association:

Company is an incorporated association of persons created by the law of the country. In India companies are formed and registered under the Companies Act 1956. Incorporation of a company requires registration of formal documents with the Registrar of Companies.

2. Independent Legal Entity:

A company has a legal entity distinct and separate from its constituent members (shareholders). It is an autonomous body, self-controlling and self-governing. It can hold and deal with any type of property of which it is the owner, in any way it likes. It can enter into contracts, open a bank account in its own name, sue and be sued by its members as well as outsiders.

3. Separate Property:

The corporate property is clearly distinguished from the members’ property and members have no direct proprietary rights to the company’s property but merely their ‘shares’. Change in the constitution of the company’s membership will not cause any realization or slitting of its property.

4. Perpetual Existence:

A company has a perpetual, succession. It has no allotted span of life. The mode of incorporation and dissolution of a company and the right of the members to transfer shares freely guarantee the continuity of the existence of the company quite independent of the life of the members. The existence of a company can be terminated only by law.

Petroleum is referred to as 'black gold' because when crude oil is extracted from the land it is black in colour. People call it gold because of its oils and value. It is very difficult to find.  As both Coal & Petroleum handles lot of money so they called as Black Gold. Crude oil comes out of the ground as black, so it is called as black gold.

When a specific date cannot be fixed for an event in the past and only an approximate period can be fixed this period of time is called the time-span. When we talk about changes that took place in certain social practices specific dates cannot be fixed only a time-span can be mentioned, like 1 people in India gave up the practice of satiduring the late 19th century.

Subsidiary Alliance is a system developed by the East India Company. It solved the problem of ruling a nation which is under the rule of a king. ... An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British had to accept British forces in his territory and also agreed to pay for their maintenance. The Subsidiary Alliance System was “Non-Intervention Policy” used by Lord Wellesley who was the Governor-General (1798-1805) to establish British Empire in India. According to this system, every ruler in India had to accept to pay a subsidy to the British for the maintenance of British army.

Resource conservation is management of the use of natural resources to provide the maximum benefit to current generation while maintaining capacity to meet the needs of future generations. Conservation includes both the protection and rational use of natural resources.

The definition of a resource is something that is ready to use if or when it is needed. An example of resource is extra money in a savings account. An example of resource is a friend with electrical skills who has volunteered to help install a lighting fixture. An example of resource is spring water on a piece of land.

Mir Qasim (died 8 May 1777) was the Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763. He was installed as Nawab with the support of the British East India Company, replacing Mir Jafar, his father-in-law, who had himself been supported earlier by the East India Company after his role in the Battle of Plassey. Mir qasim decided to take revenge against British and established an alliance with Mughal Emperor SHAH ALAM-2 and ruler of Awadh SHUJA-UD-DAULAH. ... after battle of Buxar British authority imposed treaty of Allahabad on SHAH ALAM-2 in 1765.

Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan gave the permission to the east india company to trade with Bengal, where east india Company had established their factory in 1641.

It refers to plant vegetation that has grown on its own without any human aid. They have been left undisturbed by the humans for a long time. It is a community of living trees and organisms associated with it. It covers a considerable area. It is perfectly capable of utilising sunrays, air, water and earthly materials to attain maturity and reproduce itself.

A democratic country needs a Constitution because:

• It lays out the important guidelines that govern decision making within the various societies of the country.
• It lays down the ideals that form the basis of the kind of country that its citizens aspire to live in.
• It serves as an asset of rules and principles as the basis by which the country has to be governed.
• It provides rules to safeguard the interests of minorities and prevent any kind of domination by the majority on minorities.
• It lays down rules that guard against the misuse of power by any politician leader.
• It also provides rights to its citizens and protects their freedom.

The preface or introduction to our Constitution is known as the Preamble. The Preamble indicates the source, the objectives and the underlying spirit of our Constitution.

Actual resource - They are resources which have been put to good use and their total quantity is known

Example: Water, oil, trees, fish, minerals