The literary works of Persian and Arab people are the most important sources of history of the medieval period (the Sultanate period). These Persian and Arabic works can be divided into three broad categories such as – the chronicles, the travel stories and the modern works.

The following are the information that can be drawn from paintings:

1. The theme of painting can give us information about the society and polity of the period.

2. The material used in the painting can provide information about the economy that existed during the period.

3. Through the date and signature on the painting, we can get to know about the time period in which it was painted and who was the ruler at that time.

Medieval Period was totally different from the modern period of history as is medieval time, there were kingdoms, delhi sultanates like tughlaq,lodhi and khilji. But in modern history our freedom strugglers fought for their freedom against the British rule. So, there is the large boundary between them.

The primary difference in practice comes in that Sunni Muslims mainly rely on the Sunnah, a record of the teachings and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad to guide their actions while the Shiites more heavily on their ayatollahs, whom they see as a sign of God on earth. Shia Muslims pray three times a day and combine Maghrib and Isha salat whereas Sunni Muslims pray five times a day. Sunni Muslims fold their arms whereas Shia Muslims do not fold their arms during namaz.

Scribes were people in ancient Egypt (usually men) who learned to read and write. Although experts believe that most scribes were men, there is evidence of some female doctors. These women would have been trained as scribes so that they could read medical texts.

A Salafi is someone who adheres to the teachings of scholars they label as the Salaf us Saliheen, among whom are names such as Imam Ibn Taymiyya. A Qutbi is someone who adheres to the teachings of Imam Syed Qutub. A Hanafi is someone who adheres to the school of thought of Imam Abu Hanifa.

Ecosystem is formed by the interaction of all living organism with each other. On 5th June world environment day is celebrated. Barter system is a trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money. Biotic consist of living organism while abiotic consist of non living elements.

There are seven continents in the world. They are Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia/Oceania, Europe, North America, and South America. Many geographers and scientists now refer to six continents, in which Europe and Asia are combined

By natural environment we mean the surroundings created by the nature. It comprises of the objects such as - mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, forests, land, air, river, ocean, water and all living and non-living things etc.

Plant and animal kingdom together make the biosphere. It is a narrow zone of the earth where land, water and air interact with each other to support life.

The ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment. In other words, an ecosystem is a chain of interaction between organisms and their environment.

A highway is any public or private road or other public way on land. It is used for major roads, but also includes other public roads and public tracks. A highway is a busy road with many lanes. Highways were originally built to connect cities and towns, and since they're wide and have high speed limits, they decreased the travel time. Highways are always considered public land, and they're usually maintained by the individual state. 

Historians divide the past into large segments—periods—that possess shared characteristics. In the middle of the nineteenth century British historians divided the history of India into three periods: "Hindu", "Muslim" and "British". This division was based on the idea that the religion of rulers was the only important historical change, and that there were no other significant developments—in the economy, society or culture. Few historians follow this periodisation today. Most look to economic and social factors to characterize the major elements of different moments of the past. Historians face many problems while dividing the past into periods. The reason is that there was a good amount of technological development in the medieval period which can be called modern in the contemporary context. Despite that the period is not called modem but medieval. On the other hand, the modern past is followed by the medieval past

Waste management is required to be done on daily basis as the amount of waste we generate on daily basis is mammoth in term of tons. Waste management though is very vague, being precise it’s important to understand waste segregation at source, waste processing and proper waste disposal. If we do not process it on daily basis then it starts piling up and ideally we use value of it. I would say waste is ideally a resource if it’s handled in a right way within it’s timeframe.
For example cooked waste can be used with 4–5 hours to feed cows, where they consume 70% of waste to produce rest 30% of cowdung which ideally reduces 70% of food waste.

Jati or caste established a social hierarchy. Ranking of a person in the society was determined by the caste to which he/she belonged. On the basis of jatis, jati panchayats were formed. Jati panchayats had the responsibility to control the conduct of their members as per the rules framed by them. 

• Climate change is a great concern in today’s scenario. This problem has surfaced in the last few decades. Greenhouse gases are the major cause of climate change
• The burning of fossil fuels, emissions from the automobiles and chlorofluorocarbons add to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has led to an increase in earth’s temperature causing environmental changes. This increase in temperature across the globe is known as global warming.
• The ozone layer is a layer of concentrated ozone gas. It protects us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. This very important layer is being destroyed by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), which are used in industries and everyday life (e.g. aerosol cans).
• The introduction of harmful substances into rivers, oceans, lakes and ponds, which changes the physical, chemical or biological condition of water is called water pollution. The polluted water lacks oxygen and therefore the organisms die. 

A foreigner is someone from another country. A foreigner is not from these parts. Things that are foreign are different and unknown to people. Likewise, a foreigner is someone from a different country. If a foreigner decided to relocate to another country, they become an immigrant and perhaps eventually a citizen.

After society grew and became differentiated, people were grouped into jatis or sub-castes and ranked on the basis of their backgrounds and their occupations. Ranks were not fixed permanently but varied according to the power, influence and resources controlled by members of the jati. The status of the same jati could vary from area to area. Jatis framed their own rules and regulations to manage the conduct of their members. These regulations were enforced by an assembly of elders, described in some areas as the jati panchayat. However, jatis were required to follow the rules of their villages.

Jati Panchayat was the assembly of elders which controlled the conduct of the members of their jati. They had their own rules and regulations.