Dogma-A statement or an interpretation declared as authoritative with the expectation that it would be followed without question.

Bigot- An individual who is intolerant of another person's religious beliefs or culture.

A chronicle is a historical account of facts and events arranged in chronological order. A chronicle contains important historical events and generally are without any analysis and interpretation.

I want to live in a place where there are schools, colleges, hospitals, parks , and greenery around. So that I can enjoy basic living rights in a peaceful environment and can spend my free time in a park or gym for a healthier life.

Universal adult franchise means that every person above the age of 18 have the right to vote. This is important to democracy because it is based on the principle of equality. It does not discriminate on the basis of social or economic backgrounds.

 Historians divide the past into periods based on the economic and social factors which characterize them. In doing so they are faced with two problems. First, economic and social changes keep taking place hence definite boundaries cannot be drawn. Second, these periods are compared with modernity. Modernity gives a sense of progress. This implies that there was no progress before, which is not true.

The term ‘Dalit’ is a designation for a group of people traditionally regarded as untouchable. It is a term that the so-called lower castes use to address themselves.

Dalit means ‘broken’. By using this word, the lower castes are pointing to how they were, and continue to be, discriminated against.

The Magna Carta placed limits on the king's power.
Originally issued by King John of England (r. 1199-1216) as a practical solution to the political crisis he faced in 1215, Magna Carta established for the first time the principle that everybody, including the king, was subject to the law.

During this period, paper became cheaper and widely available. This resulted in a dramatic increase in the variety of textual records between 700 to 1750 CE. People started using paper to write holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records and for registers of accounts and taxes.

During this period, paper became cheaper and widely available. This resulted in a dramatic increase in the variety of textual records between 700 to 1750 CE. People started using paper to write holy texts, chronicles of rulers, letters and teachings of saints, petitions and judicial records and for registers of accounts and taxes.

1.  The archaeological sources include material things like artifacts, buildings, inscriptions, coins etc while as literary sources include written literature in the form of books, biographies etc.

2.  Archaeological sources are primary sources (first hand evidence) while as literary sources are both primary and secondary source.

3. Archaeological sources cover more than 99% of history of mankind while as literary sources less than 1%. Archaeological sources are only source of our pre-history which is 99% time period of mankind.

4. Archaeological sources present true picture of the event as they are without any bias. While as literary sources are mostly biased and exaggerated.

Sher Shah encouraged trade in following ways:

1. He build a network of roads called Sadak-i Azam or Grand Trunk Road. He planted trees on both the sides of the road.
2. He introduced new coins called the rupiya.
3. He also reduced custom duties.

Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is subjected to the heat and pressure of metamorphism. It is composed primarily of the mineral calcite (CaCO3) and usually contains other minerals, such as clay minerals, micas, quartz, pyrite, iron oxides, and graphite.

The sources used by historians in the period 700 to 1750 (the Medieval Period) were quite different from the ones used in the period of Gupta dynasty and Hashavardhana. There is definitely some continuity in the sources used by the historians of both the distinct periods. For example, for obtaining information they still relied on

• Coins
• Inscriptions
• Acrhitecture
• Textual records

Administrative measures of Alauddin Khilji:

• Sultan Alauddin Khalji established a strong central government during his reign in which the Sultan was the head of the administra­tion. 
• The Sultan considered himself as a representative of God or “Shadow of God”.  As a result, he restricted matrimonial relations among nobles and officers as well as he prohibited secret meetings and parties etc.
• He also minimized the powers of Ulema in the affairs of State and religion.
• Alauddin Khalji paid his soldiers in cash. In order to enable his soldiers to buy products at cheap rates, he fixed the prices of commodities in and around Delhi. The markets were closely supervised and shopkeepers and traders charging above the fixed price were severely punished.
• Alauddin had maintained a huge army. To meet the expenses of such a huge army, he introduced many revenue reforms. The land was carefully measured and the taxes to be paid to the state were fixed. Taxes were collected by the revenue officers who were appointed for this purpose. The revenue to be paid was increased from one third to half and had to be paid in cash.

• Buddhism was founded by Gautama Buddha.
• Buddha was born as Prince Siddhartha at Lumbini near Kapilavastu (in present Nepal) in 566 BC.
• He was the son of Suddhodhana and Mahamaya. Suddhodhana was the chief of the Sakya clan. Due to this, Buddha was also known as ‘Sakyamuni’.
• His mother died either giving birth to him or after seven days. Siddhartha was brought up by his maternal aunt, Prajapati Gautami. This gave him the name ‘Gautama’.
• He was married to Yashodhara and had a son, Rahula.
• He left his home at the age of 29 to become an ascetic. This event is called Mahabhishkramana.
• The idea of renunciation occurred to the Buddha after he saw four different states of man – sick man, old man, corpse and ascetic.
• Buddha wandered for seven years and at the age of 35 attained enlightenment at Uruvela while meditating under a banyan tree on the banks of the river Niranjana. This tree came to be known as ‘Bodhi tree’ and the place became Bodh Gaya (in Bihar).
• He gave his first sermon at Sarnath near Varanasi. This event is called Dharmachakra Pravartana/ Dhammachakkappavattana.
• He died in 483 BC under a Sal tree in Kushinagar (in UP). This event is called the Mahaparinirvana.
• The term ‘Buddha’ means ‘enlightened one’.
• Important contemporaries of Buddha were Mahavira Jaina, Kings Prasenjit, Bimbisara and Ajatasatru.

A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere. Globes serve similar purposes to maps, but unlike maps, do not distort the surface that they portray except to scale it down. A globe of Earth is called a terrestrial globe.