The lithosphere is the rigid, outermost shell on Earth. It is composed of the crust and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.
The earth’s crust is not a homogeneous substance, it has different layers of rocks including sedimentary rocks on top, granitic and metamorphic rocks in the middle and basaltic rocks on the bottom.

The earth’s crust also consists of several large dynamic tectonic plates. These tectonic plates move slowly but continuously at an average rate of around 10 cm. Considering this, there was no Atlantic Ocean, and North America and Europe together were one continent 180 million years ago. The Atlantic Ocean came into being because of the drifting apart from the Eurasian and North America plates.

According to the “Circle of Justice”, it was important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind because soldiers' salaries come from the revenue collected from peasants and peasants can pay revenue only when they are prosperous and happy

The party which is elected in majority for the Legislative Assembly forms the government. As per constitutional provisions the ruling party elects its leader who is called the Chief Minister as the head of the government. The Chief Minister, in consultation with the Governor, constitutes a cabinet which includes members of his/her party as ministers. The MLAs who become ministers are allotted with a portfolio. Here the MLAs turned ministers become accountable for the entire state for that particular portfolio.

Answer: An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.

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An ecosystem is a community of plants, animals and smaller organisms that live, feed, reproduce and interact in the same area or environment.

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An ecosystem includes all of the living things in a given area, interacting with each other, and also with their non-living environments.

Ruling party → If there are two parties fighting for the same seat and one wins that seat is know as the ruling party and the one who lost the seat is the opposition party
Hence,

the party which gain maximum seats in a election and made his own government is called ruling party.

Factors Affecting India’s Climate:

Latitude: The Indian landmass is equally divided by The Tropic of Cancer. Hence, half of India has tropical climate and another half has subtropical climate. Altitude: While the average elevation in the coastal areas is about 30 metre, the average elevation in the north is about 6,000 metre. The Himalayas prevent the cold winds from Central Asia from entering the Indian subcontinent. Due to this, the subcontinent gets comparatively milder winters as compared to Central Asia.

Pressure and Winds: The Indian subcontinent lies in the region of north-easterly winds. These winds originate from the subtropical high-pressure belt of the northern hemisphere. After that, these winds blow towards south. They get deflected to the right due to the Coriolis force and then move towards the low pressure area near the equator.

Components of Environment:

Environment mainly consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. But it can be roughly divided into two types such as (a) Micro environment and (b) Macro environment. It can also be divided into two other types such as (c) Physical and (d) Biotic environment.

(a) Micro environment means the immediate local surrounding of the organism.

(b) Macro environment means all the physical and biotic conditions that surround the organism externally.

(c) Physical environment refers to all abiotic factors or conditions like temperature, light, rainfall, soil, minerals etc. It comprises of atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere.

(d) Biotic environment includes all biotic factors or living forms like plants, animals, Micro-organisms.

Prithviraj Chauhan (1149–1192), was a king of the Hindu Chauhan, who ruled the kingdom of Ajmer and Delhi during the latter half of the 12th century.

Chauhan was the last individual Hindu King, before Hemu, to sit upon the throne of Delhi. He succeeded to the throne in 1169 at the age of 20, and made the decision from the dual richesse of Ajmer and Delhi

He managed much of present-day Rajasthan and Haryana, and specific the Rajputs against Islamic invasions. His elopement in 1175 with Samyukta the daughter of Jai Chandra Rathod, the Gahadvala master of Kannauj, is a well-known loving story in Indian, and is one of the topics of the Prithviraj Raso, an impressive poetry consisting by Chauhan’s judge poet and buddy, Chand Bardai.

The sources of the medieval period can be divided into the following categories:

1. Official records: Official records were the documents issued by the ruler to his office. Official records have been found relating to the history of the Turko-Afghan rule and the Mughal rule in India.
2. Contemporary writings: Contemporary chronicles include works of Amir Khusrau, Al Beruni and Minhajuddin Siraj. All historians have discussed in depth about different aspects of the medieval period in India. 
3. Accounts of foreign travellers: Ibn Batuta’s work in Rehala (on travels) provide details of the various aspects of the Tughluq period. Another important traveller Abdur Razzaq left us valuable information on the Vijaynagar kingdom.
4. Coins and inscriptions: During the period of the Sultanate and the Mughal India, various coins were introduced by the sultans and Mughal emperors. They contain evidence related to the year of accession, the extent of the dominion of the Sultan and his relations with the neighbouring powers, etc. 

As per the Constitution all the parties which do not take part in the formation of government are called opposition parties. In our democratic set up the role of the opposition parties is in no way less important than the ruling party. The opposition parties keep a watch over the functioning of the ruling party. They take part in every discussion and debate held in the Assembly. They can check and protest any wrong action of the government.

Akbar (1542-1605) ranks among the greatest rulers in the history of the world. He is considered as the real founder of the Mughal Empire. Among the medieval rulers, he was the only one who strived for secularism. The firmness and wisdom of his rule won him the title ‘Guardian of Mankind’. He was born in Umarkot, Sind. He was the son of Humayun and Hamida Bai. Akbar adopted a policy of conciliation and conquest towards Rajputs states. He married Jodha Bia, the daughter of a Rajput King, Raja Bihari Mal of Amber. He abolished pilgrim tax Jizyah and tax from non-Muslim in lieu of military service. He had a centralized administration. Akbar promulgated a new creed knows as ‘Din-i-Ilahi’. He patronized Navratra in his court. Akbar had tremendous interest in art, architecture and literature.

Chahamanas.

• The Chauhans were famous among the Rajput dynasties they were also known as the Chahamanas.
• They ruled over the parts of north India and this dynasty is the most popular of the Rajput families.
• Ajayaraja, who founded the city Ajayameru now called Ajmer, was one of the finest rulers of this dynasty.

The medieval period of the Indian history started from the 8th century and lasted up to 18th century. During this period, India witnessed considerable social, economic, religious and political changes.

After the death of his father in a battle in 1179, Prithviraj Chauhan succeeded the throne. He ruled over the twin capitals of Ajmer and Delhi which he had received from his maternal grandfather, Arkpal or Anangpal III of the Tomara dynasty. 

The word Chauhan is the vernacular form of the Sanskrit term Chahamana. Several Chauhan inscriptions name a legendary hero called Chahamana as their ancestor, but none of them state the period in which he lived.

The earliest extant inscription that describes the origin of the Chauhans is the 1119 CE Sevadi inscription of Ratnapala, a ruler of the Naddula Chahamana dynasty. According to this inscription, the ancestor of the Chahamanas was born from the eye of Indra.

The 1170 CE Bijolia rock inscription of the Shakambhari Chahamana king Someshvara states that his ancestor Samantaraja was born at Ahichchhatrapura (possibly modern Nagaur in the gotra of sage Vatsa. The 1262 CE Sundha hill inscription of the Jalor Chahamana king Chachiga-deva states that the dynasty's ancestor Chahamana was "a source of joy" to the Vatsa. The 1320 Mount Abu (Achaleshwar temple) inscription of the Deora Chauhan ruler Lumbha states that Vatsa created the Chahamanas as a new lineage of warriors, after the solar dynasty and the lunar dynasty had ceased to exist.

The Ajmer inscription of the Shakambhari Chahamana ruler Vigraharaja IV (c. 1150–64 CE) claims that Chahamana belonged to the solar dynasty, descending from Ikshavaku and Rama. The 12th-century Prithviraja Vijaya mahakavya, composed by Prithviraja III's court poet Jayanaka, also claims a solar dynasty origin for the ruling dynasty. According to this text, Chahamana came to earth from Arkamandal (the orbit of the sun).

Prithviraj Chauhan was a Rajput king who ruled the kingdoms of Ajmer and Delhi in northern India in 12th century; he was one of the last independent Hindu kings to sit upon the throne of Delhi. Also known as Rai Pithora, he was a Rajput king hailing from the Chauhan dynasty. Born as the son of Someshwar Chauhan, the king of Ajmer, Prithviraj started displaying signs of his greatness at an early age. He was a very brave and intelligent child blessed with sharp military skills. He practiced hard shabd bhedi archery skills since childhood. As a young boy he could accurately hit targets only on the basis of its sounds. After the death of his father in a battle in 1179, Prithviraj Chauhan succeeded the throne. He ruled over the twin capitals of Ajmer and Delhi which he had received from his maternal grandfather, Arkpal or Anangpal III of the Tomara dynasty. As the king, he set out on several campaigns to expand his territories and became well-known as a valiant and courageous warrior. His battles with Shahabuddin Muhammad Ghori are especially well-known as is the heroics of his elopement with Sanyukta, the daughter of Raja Jaichandra of Kannauj.

An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process. The invention process is a process within an overall engineering and product development process. It may be an improvement upon a machine or product or a new process for creating an object or a result. An invention that achieves a completely unique function or result may be a radical breakthrough. Such works are novel and not obvious to others skilled in the same field. An inventor may be taking a big step toward success or failure.

Some inventions can be patented. A patent legally protects the intellectual property rights of the inventor and legally recognizes that a claimed invention is actually an invention. The rules and requirements for patenting an invention vary by country and the process of obtaining a patent is often expensive.

Another meaning of invention is cultural invention, which is an innovative set of useful social behaviours adopted by people and passed on to others. The Institute for Social Inventions collected many such ideas in magazines and books. Invention is also an important component of artistic and design creativity. Inventions often extend the boundaries of human knowledge, experience or capability.