The confession of faith is that there is only one god, which is Allah, and that Muhammad was his final prophet. The teachings of the Qur’an are considered to be eternal and for all humans. Prayer includes the five daily prayers, community prayers, individual meritorious prayers, and prayers that go above and beyond what is required.

Giving alms is considered a religious duty and requires no less than 2.5 percent of the income over what one needs to survive. The duty of fasting during Ramadaan applies to all Muslims, with exceptions made for pregnant women, sick people, travellers, children and nursing mothers. The pilgrimage to Mecca is to take place during the month of Zu'l-Hijjah and must be done once in a lifetime.

A sixth pillar is sometimes added and is called Jihaad, or Holy War. The connotation has taken on a negative meaning in the West, but was meant to be interpreted as a spreading of faith, not dissimilar from evangelizing.

1. Approximately 1 billion litres of raw, untreated sewage are dumped in the river on a daily basis. The amount has more than doubled in the last 20 years .
2. The rapid explosion of India's population in the last 25 years coupled with lax regulations on industry has put a huge strain on the river leading to an explosion in Ganges river pollution.
3. Thousands of bodies are cremated on the banks of the river yearly with many being released into the river with hopes that their souls may have a direct path to heaven.
4. Hundreds Unwanted or 'illegitimate' babies, cattle and other animal carcases are also dumped in the Ganges again with religious significance.

Course of a River

The course of an ideal river may be divided into three parts according to its mode of work:

• The upper course or mountain course,
• The middle or the plain course and
• The delta or the lower course.

1. The upper course or mountain course:

Erosion is the principal form of work in mountains. The major types of landforms produce by a river in its upper course are:

a. V-Shaped valley and Gorge: The valley of a river is ‘V’ shape viewed sidewise. The shape is produced by the joint action of vertical erosion or down cutting and side wash or lateral erosion. The down cutting of the river deepens the valley whereas the side wash make the valley sloping upward away from the river. As the slope of the land is steeper and the velocity higher in mountain, vertical erosion or down cutting of a river far exceeds lateral erosion. That is why the cross profile of a valley assumed typical ‘V’ shape. In some cases, with deep down cutting and deep vertical sides, a narrow valley called Gorge is produced. The divide at the intersection of two adjacent valleys (or two ‘V’s) becomes narrow and sharp.

b.  ‘I’ shaped valley or canyon: Under some special circumstances narrow ‘I’ shaped valley or canyons are formed in the course of a river. In deserts due to scanty rain-fall, lateral erosion is restricted but vertical erosion continues. This results in the development of an ‘I’ shaped valley or a canyon of a river.

c. Interlocking spur: The sloping uplands running in between valleys of tributary streams issuing from the main water divide are called spurs. The main river at the valley bottom meanders through such interlocking spurs.

d. Waterfalls: Waterfalls are characteristic features in mountain course of a river. The chief causes of their formation are as follows: In some cases a hard rock bed lies across a river. Erosion is retarded over it but the adjacent softer bed is eroded faster. As a result, a scrap and a waterfall develop there. When the flow of river is resisted by rocks of uneven slope, Rapids, Cuscades and Cataracts are formed.

2. The middle or the plain course:

In plains transportation is the principal work of river than erosion and deposition. The landforms thus produced are:

a.  Alluvial cone or fan: On entering a plain the velocity of a river is suddenly reduced in consequence of abrupt fall of slope of land. Now the river cannot carry the coarser materials (sand, pebble, bolder) any more and deposits them at the foot of the mountain in the form of a cone or fan called alluvial cone.

b. Wide ‘V’ shaped valley: In plains river velocity decreases and so decreases down cutting of a river; lateral erosion increases in proportion to vertical erosion resulting in the widening of the ‘V’ of the valley.

c. Flood plain: The valley side slope being gentle a river gets the opportunity of forming larger meanders. Shifting meanders undercut the sloping valley sides and form flat land in their vicinity. Sediments are deposited over them at times of flood. Such a plain border­ing a river is called a flood plain.

d. Natural levee: During a flood the river bank is raised a little by silt deposition which reaches maximum there. When the flood subsides, the silt remains. Repeated floods raise the height of the bank sufficient to form an embankment like feature called natural levee.

e. Ox-bow Lake: Over the flood plain a river takes ox-bow like meanders. At that time river current directly strikes inner edges of the two ends of a meander. Thus the ends of a meander are eroded at a faster rate and approach one another. At one time the river cut across the narrow neck of land between the meander ends which are gradually silted up. The abandoned channel is left over as an ox-bow lake.

3. The delta or lower course:

The principal function of a river is deposition in this course. Major landforms in the course are:

a. Delta: The velocity of a river is greatly reduced where it meets the sea or the lake. Moreover, it carries with it an excess of silt which is deposited on the river, the sea or the lake. In course of time a fan shaped alluvial tract, called delta, forms at the mouth of a river.

Deltas are found at the mouth of almost all big rivers; the Ganges, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Cauveri have well formed delta. The combined delta of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra is perhaps the largest delta of the world, but if the velocity of a river at its mouth or estuary and ocean current there remains sufficiently strong, deposition of silt cannot take place at the river mouth to form delta. For example the small west flowing rivers of the Peninsular India do not form deltas at their mouths.

b. Natural levee, and

c. Ox-bow lakes are also found over delta and are formed in manners that have been described under plain course of a river.

A social issue or social problem is that influences a considerable number of the individuals within a society. It is often the consequence of factors extending beyond an individual's social issue is the source of a conflicting opinion on the grounds of what is perceived as a morally just personal life or societal order.

Social problems are the general factors that affect and damage society. A social problem is normally a term used to describe problems with a particular area or group of people in the world. Social problems often involve problems that affect real life. It also affects how people react to certain situations. Examples can include: Sexual transmitted diseases, Anti social behavior, Poverty, Drug abuse etc.

Spring Tides
Spring tides are the result of the moon and sun working together to exert more pull on the earth's oceans. When the moon is in its full and new stages the earth, sun and moon are all aligned. This extra gravity pulling on the same point of the earth causes stronger high and low tides. These tides are named spring tides not because of the season but because the tides are springing stronger up and down.

Neap Tides
Neap tides are the result of the moon and sun working against each other's pull. When the moon is in its first and third quarter phases the earth, sun and moon are at a right angle to each other. Though the moon's pull is stronger, the sun's gravitational pull is lessening the effect of the moon's gravitational pull on the oceans. This means that twice a month we experience smaller high and low tides than normal.

The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, is the process by which water moves from place to place above, on, and below the Earth's surface. This is the process by which water moves around the Earth to different places. The total amount of water on the Earth is relatively unchanging, and it has remained about the same since our planet's formation. As the planet cooled, water vapor present at its formation condensed to fill the oceans and other places, like inland lakes and rivers.

The Earth's surface is 75% water and 25% land. Of the water, 97% is salt water, a surprisingly high percentage, leaving only 3% as fresh water. Most of that - two-thirds of the fresh water on Earth - is frozen in snow and ice in glaciers, ice caps, and the like. That leaves only about 1% of all the Earth's water as liquid and fresh, making it a very scarce natural resource. If that wasn't enough, most of the liquid fresh water is stored underground in aquifers. Groundwater is just what the word sounds like: water stored under the surface of the Earth. But, like rocks or other types of matter, water on the Earth is not static. It is constantly moving around the hydrosphere, the layer of the Earth where water is present. It moves around by changing in three different processes that make up the water cycle
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(1) Adds to Costs:

An organisation has to spend large amount on advertising. It increases the cost of the products. To meet this expenditure, price of the product is raised. No manufacturer pays for the advertising expenses out of his pocket. Advertising, therefore, leads to unnecessary rise in prices. In this reference it is said that advertising costs are passed on to the consumers in the form of high prices.

(2) Undermines Social Values:

Advertisement is a sort of day-dreaming for the people. These days it is taking the people away from reality and into the realm of artificiality. Through its medium people get information about new products.

Only very few products are of any use for them. The brilliance of new products really gets on their nerves. They want to buy them but have no resources at their command. Consequently, they start feeling upset with their present status. Taking it as a social evil, it can be said that advertisement undermines social values.

(3) Confuses the Buyers:

Many a time distorted version of reality is shown in the advertising. Believing in advertising, consumers buy the product. On its use, they feel cheated.

They come to realise later that the information given in the advertisement was something else whereas the actual product was quite different from it. Thus, people lose confidence in advertising because of wrong presentation. In this reference it is said that advertising confuses rather than helps.

(4) Encourages Sale of Inferior Products:

Every manufacturer projects his product as superior one in the advertisement. Therefore, the buyer is unable to decide as to which product is really good.

Consequently, it is difficult to get good quality product even after paying a handsome price for it. If a seller gets good price for some inferior product, it becomes a habit with him. It affects other sellers also. Therefore, it is said that advertisement encourages the sale of inferior products.

(5) Some Advertisement is in Bad Taste:

Many times, foul language and objectionable pictures are used in advertising in order to attract a particular class. They may be insulting to a particular class. It causes decay of social values.

Such kinds of advertising are generally opposed by the people as it hurts their feelings. In this reference it is said that some advertisements are in bad tastes.

(1) Adds to Costs:

An organisation has to spend large amount on advertising. It increases the cost of the products. To meet this expenditure, price of the product is raised. No manufacturer pays for the advertising expenses out of his pocket. Advertising, therefore, leads to unnecessary rise in prices. In this reference it is said that advertising costs are passed on to the consumers in the form of high prices.

(2) Undermines Social Values:

Advertisement is a sort of day-dreaming for the people. These days it is taking the people away from reality and into the realm of artificiality. Through its medium people get information about new products.

Only very few products are of any use for them. The brilliance of new products really gets on their nerves. They want to buy them but have no resources at their command. Consequently, they start feeling upset with their present status. Taking it as a social evil, it can be said that advertisement undermines social values.

(3) Confuses the Buyers:

Many a time distorted version of reality is shown in the advertising. Believing in advertising, consumers buy the product. On its use, they feel cheated.

They come to realise later that the information given in the advertisement was something else whereas the actual product was quite different from it. Thus, people lose confidence in advertising because of wrong presentation. In this reference it is said that advertising confuses rather than helps.

(4) Encourages Sale of Inferior Products:

Every manufacturer projects his product as superior one in the advertisement. Therefore, the buyer is unable to decide as to which product is really good.

Consequently, it is difficult to get good quality product even after paying a handsome price for it. If a seller gets good price for some inferior product, it becomes a habit with him. It affects other sellers also. Therefore, it is said that advertisement encourages the sale of inferior products.

(5) Some Advertisement is in Bad Taste:

Many times, foul language and objectionable pictures are used in advertising in order to attract a particular class. They may be insulting to a particular class. It causes decay of social values.

Such kinds of advertising are generally opposed by the people as it hurts their feelings. In this reference it is said that some advertisements are in bad tastes.

Advertising media has become common need of every business organization today, and without advertising media, nobody can think about to survive in the market. There is no doubt about it that “Advertising” is a great force of promotions now regarded as an effective and profitable investment.

A firm which has to spend money, takes a proper care in planning expenditure on advertising. It can be define as “A medium which are most effective for inducing the people to purchase its good or services is known as advertising media”.

The purpose of advertising is to inform the consumers about their product and convince customers that a company's services or products are the best, enhance the image of the company, point out and create a need for products or services, demonstrate new uses for established products, announce new products and programs

Advertising media has become common need of every business organization today, and without advertising media, nobody can think about to survive in the market. There is no doubt about it that “Advertising” is a great force of promotions now regarded as an effective and profitable investment.

A firm which has to spend money, takes a proper care in planning expenditure on advertising. It can be define as “A medium which are most effective for inducing the people to purchase its good or services is known as advertising media”.