Prithviraj III, popularly known as Prithviraj Chauhan, was the Chauhan ruler of present day Rajasthan, Delhi and Haryana. He ruled from 1178 to 1192. He was defeated in 1192 by Mohammad Ghori at the Battle of Tarain.

The Pacific Ocean is by far the world's largest ocean at 60,060,700 square miles (155,557,000 sq km). According to the CIA World Factbook, it covers 28% of the Earth and is equal in size to nearly all of the land area on the Earth. The Pacific Ocean is located between the Southern Ocean, Asia, and Australia in the Western Hemisphere.

Pacific ocean is the largest ocean in the world.

Whatever we see in our surrounding that is environment. Environment is our basic life support system .It provides the air we breathe, water we drink, the food we eat and the land where we live.

Barter is a system of exchange by which goods or services are directly exchanged for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money. It is distinguishable from gift economies in that the reciprocal exchange is immediate and not delayed in time.

Difference between human made environment and human environment:

• Human made environment refers to the environment created by human with major changes in natural environment as per their requirement.
• Human made environment includes only human made objects and changes.
• Human environment refers to the physical, social and economic conditions along with other factors which interactively determine the state and quality of living conditions available to people.
• Human environment looks into globalization as a process by which cultural aspects transmits around the globe.
• Human made environment looks into physical side where as human environment looks into demographical side.

The Balkans comprised of modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro and a large part of this region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Some of the reasons that made this region very explosive and caused conflict are :
(i)  The feelings of nationalism of these countries was in conflict with one another. They were fiercely jealous of each other and struggled to define their identity. They were extremely intolerant of one another.
(ii) The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, which had throughout the nineteenth century, tried to strengthen itself through modernisation and reforms.
(iii) The breaking away of each of these nationalist groups one by one from the control of the Ottoman Empire and declaring themselves as independent with political rights, on the basis of history. They proved that once they had been independent but were subsequently subjugated.
(iv) Each of these countries attempted to gain more territory to their independent country.
(v) The Balkans became a scene of big power rivalry. Major European powers – Russia, Germany,
England, Austro-Hungary, manipulated nationalist aspirants to further their own aims. There was rivalry between the European powers over trade and colonies and naval and military superiority.
(vi) There was rivalry among the big powers to counter the hold of other powers over the Balkan region and extending their own control. 

Manuscripts are written recod of information written on paper during ancient period that re endangered and some are still preserved in museums and temples 

Willows, poplars, and fruit trees such as apples, apricots and walnuts are some of the trees that grow in Ladakh.

Dates act as a milestone. They help us to differ different types of events, they tell us about the event ,s positionand different development which took place. They also act as a landmark due to their long term period

The eighth century is taken as the beginning of the medieval period because society, economy, politics, religion and culture underwent many changes during this century.

Shah Jahan  ascended the throne in 1627 . He was an able ruler and followed a policy of expansion. His Deccan campaign resulted in treaties with Bijapur and Golconda in 1636. War with Deccan again broke out in 1656.
Among Shah Jahan's famous buildings are the Taj Mahal and Moti Masjid at Agra and the Red Fort and the Jama Masjid at Delhi. Shah Jahan's reign was an era of progress and growth.
Shah Jhan's other important buildings were the Red Fort, the Moti Masjid, the Tomb of Jahangir. The Peacock Throne was adorned with precious jewels including the Kohinoor, which was carried away by Nadirshah to Persia.
Shah Jahan also extended his patronag e in the fields of literature, music and art. Foreign travellers were fascinated by the glory of the Mughals.

Tawa Matsya Sangh is a federation of fishworkers’ cooperatives. It is an organisation fighting for the rights of displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in Madhya Pradesh. In 1994, the government gave private contractors the rights to fish in the Tawa reservoir. However, these contractors drove the local people away and got cheap labour from outside for their work. Also, the contractors threatened the villagers, who were unwilling to leave, by bringing in hoodlums. The villagers stood united and decided that they had to set up an organisation and do something to protect their rights. This is how the Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) was formed. The Sangh organised rallies and a chakka jam (road blockade). In this manner, they demanded their right to continue fishing for their livelihood.

Pan- regional rule means ruling beyond one's own state by extending the empire.

After the fall of the Mughal Empire, many regional empires grew which provided a platform for interaction by exchanging traditions or patterns in the sphere of governance, economy, administration, polity, culture, languages etc. People knew about many things including food habits, mannerism, dressing styles without losing their own identity.

The houses made by rich and powerful section of society are much different from the houses built by kings, nobles and aristocratic families in the past.

Earlier, the kings built grand palaces which covered large area of the land. The nobility and the aristocratic families also built large mansions which had many gardens in its vicinity. These palaces were generally of two to three storeys. In medieval India., many ‘havelis’ were built by the rich people which also housed servants quarters.

The rich people today prefer to live in multistory apartments which are equipped with all modern facilities and amenities. These apartments have several level of parking slots, swimminig pool, gym etc.

• Surat in Gujarat was the emporium of western trade during the mughal empire.
• Other trade centers included Cambay and Ahemadabad.
• Surat was the gateway for trade with west asia via gulf of Ormuz.

Surat was referred as Gateway of trade because:

a. As Surat was an important commercial town which became an important center of commercial activities. Located near the sea it became the hub of economic activities whereby goods could be traded via sea routes.
b. Portuguese, English, Dutch has set up their factories in Surat.
c. Surat had a flourishing business of cotton textiles which was exported on a large scale to West Asia, Africa and Europe.
d. Surat became gate to Mecca ,because many pilgrim ships set sail from there.

Surat had huge banking houses that issued a Hundi that is a note recording a deposit made by a person. The amount deposited can be claimed in another place by presenting the record of the deposit, this made transaction easy.Surat hundis were honored in the markets of Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq and Antwerp in Belgium.