Before election the parties contesting declare their policies ,aims and goals of development they will apply if their party comes to power. This written document describing these policies of each party is called election manifesto.

The 'Mansabdari system 'was the administrative system of the Mughal Empire introduced by Akbar in 1595-96 CE. The word mansab is of Arabic origin meaning rank or position. The system, hence, determined the rank of a government official. Every civil and military officer was given a ‘mansab’ and different numbers which could be divided by ten were used for ranking officers. It was also meant for fixing the salaries and allowances of officers.

The natural component of the atmosphere comprises of air, water, land and living things. The natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions. The biotic conditions consist of the world of living organisms e.g. plants and animals. The abiotic conditions consist of the world of non–living elements like land.

1) Andhra Pradesh : Capital: Hyderabad

2) Arunachal Pradesh : Capital: Itanagar

3) Assam: Capital: Dispur

4) Bihar: Capital: Patna

5) Chhattisgarh: Capital: Raipur

6) Goa:  Capital: Panaji

7) Gujarat: Capital: Gandhinagar

8) Haryana : Capital: Chandigarh

9) Himachal Pradesh:  Capital: Shimla

10) Jammu & Kashmir: Capital: Srinagar (summer), Jammu (winter)

11) Jharkhand : Capital: Ranchi

12) Karnataka : Capital: Bengaluru

13) Kerala : Capital: Thiruvananthapuram

14) Madhya Pradesh:  Capital: Bhopal

15) Maharashtra: Capital: Mumbai

16) Manipur : Capital: Imphal

17) Meghalaya : Capital: Shillong

18) Mizoram : Capital: Aizawl

19) Nagaland:  Capital: Kohima

20) Odisha : Capital: Bhubaneswar

21) Punjab: Capital: Chandigarh

22) Rajasthan : Capital: Jaipur

23) Sikkim : Capital: Gangtok

24) Tamil Nadu: Capital: Chennai

25) Telangana: Capital: Hyderabad

26) Tripura : Capital: Agartala

27) Uttar Pradesh: Capital: Lucknow

28) Uttrakhand: Capital: Dehradun

29) West Bengal: Capital: Kolkata

Tropical grasslands- They are also called the 'savannas', they are located around the equator.

Grassland, as the name suggests is in other words ‘a land made up of grasses. Hence, it is a place where grasses form the dominant type of plant life. Grasslands make up almost a quarter of the total land’s surface. The type of plants that grow in the grasslands depend on the type of climate and the type of soil.

Grasslands are open areas covered with grass and with less than 10% natural tree or shrub cover. They contain many grass species and an even greater diversity of other herbs. 
Temperate grasslands- They are also know as the 'prairies' in north America, 'Steppes' in Eurasia, 'Downs' in Australia and ' 'Velda' in South America.

The term broadcast refers to a TV or radio programme that is transmitted widely .

• Weekly markets are held on a specific day of the week.
• They do not have permanent shops.
• Traders set up shops for the day and then close them in the evening.
• Weekly markets are available at cheaper rates
• In weekly markets most of the things are available at one place whether it is vegetables, utensils, groceries or cloth items.  

Wholesaler  is the person or firm that buys large quantity of goods from various producers or vendors, warehouses them, and resells to retailers. Distributors and wholesalers often work together as channel partners. 

Kabir:

Srinivasa Ramanujan was born on December 22, 1887 in the town of Erode, in Tamilnadu.

Map 1:

• This was by the Arab geographer Al-Idrisi.
• It was made in 1154 CE (Christian era).
• In this map south India is where we would expect to find north India.
• Sri Lanka is an island at the top of India.
• The names of places are marked in Arabic and there are some popular places of Uttar Pradesh like Kanauj (spelt as Qanauj).

Map 2:

• It was made by a French cartographer (a person who makes maps).
• It was drawn in the 1720s, i.e. 600 years after Map 1.
• This map is more familiar to us, i.e. it is more similar to the map we know of than the map drawn by Al-Idrisi.
• The coastal areas, in particular are detailed.
• It was used by the European sailors and merchants on their voyages.

Another reason for difference in the maps of two distinct periods is the difference in the science of cartography. When documents, maps and texts from the past are read by historians, they have to keep in mind the differences in the historical backgrounds and the contexts in which the information about the past was produced. Hence maps and documents cannot be interpreted in absolute and independent terms.

1.The oceanic crust is made up of basalt while the continental crust is made up of granite.
2.The oceanic crust is thinner while the continental crust is much thicker.
3.The oceanic crust is denser than the continental crust.
4.The continental crust has greater buoyancy than the oceanic crust.
5.Recycling is present in the oceanic crust while this procedure is absent in the continental crust.
6.The oceanic crust is much younger geologically than the continental crust.

A bold and intense style of miniature painting is called Basohli.
Basohli painting, school of Pahari miniature painting that flourished in the Indian hill states during the late 17th and the 18th centuries, known for its bold vitality of colour and line. Though the school takes its name from the small independent state of Basohli, the principal centre of the style, examples are found throughout the region.

Temples act as the source of religious unity for the people under tyranny. Conquering them will be acting as an strike in disrupting the belief and also helps in enforcing their own religion on the conquered country.