• He took various measures to stregthen his army. He was the first Sultan of Delhi who laid the foundation of a permanent standing army

• He was the first Muslim sultan of Delhi who not only conquered most of the North Indian states but also sent an expedition to south under Malik Kafur. The kingdoms of Dwar Samudra, Warangal, Devagiri and Madurai were defeated. These kingdoms accepted the suzeranity of Alauddin and agreed to pay regular annual tribute.
• He built new forts at strategic locations and repaired the old ones. 

The four stages in the preparation of a manuscript are

1.  Preparing the paper.
2.  Writing the text.
3.  Melting gold to highlight important words and passages.
4.  Preparing the binding.

Earth absorbs about 75 % of the total solar energy reaching its surface thereby increasing its temperature. Some of this energy is radiated back into the atmosphere. The gases present in the atmosphere for example ozone, methane, carbon dioxide, water vapor and chlorofluorocarbons are called greenhouse gases, they absorb some heat thereby restricting the heat to escape our atmosphere. These gases add to the heating of the atmosphere and result in global warming.

Types of Rocks

• Igneous Rocks: The word igneous is derived from the Latin word Ignis which means fire. The rocks formed by the solidification on the cooling of molten magma, are called igneous rocks.
• Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks get their name from the Latin word sedimentum which means settle down. These rocks are formed by the settling down of sediments. Sediments are the smaller particles / fragments that are formed by the breaking down of rocks when they roll down, crack and hit each other. These sediments are transported by wind, water etc
• Metamorphic Rocks:The Greek word ‘metamorphose’ which means change of form, is the root of the word metamorphic. In other words, these are the rocks that are formed when the igneous and sedimentary rocks change their form under the following two circumstances: (i) Great heat and  (ii) Great pressure

The Chola rulers loved art and architecture. They build temples and palaces. Most of the Chola temples were build in the Dravidian style. Early Chola temples were simple structures but later on they became bigger.

The gateway of the temple was called 'gopuram' and the main shrine, ' garbhagriha'. The images of Gods and Goddesses were kept here, which were either made of stone or bronze. The 'mandapa' or the audience hall, was a place where people gathered for prayers. The chief features of Chola temples are their massive 'vimanas' or towers and spacious courtyards.

One of the best examples of Chola temple is the Brihadeshwara aka Rajarajeshwara temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva. Located in Thanjavur, it is one of the best specimens of Dravidian style of architecture.

The art of making stone and metal images had made rapid progress under the Chola rulers. The Cholas excelled in making images of Gods and Goddesses. The bronze image of Lord Shiva as 'Nataraja'— Lord of dance, is an excellent work of art and has also been described as the " cultural epitome" of the Cholas.

The Chola rulers loved art and architecture. They build temples and palaces. Most of the Chola temples were build in the Dravidian style. Early Chola temples were simple structures but later on they became bigger.

The gateway of the temple was called 'gopuram' and the main shrine, ' garbhagriha'. The images of Gods and Goddesses were kept here, which were either made of stone or bronze. The 'mandapa' or the audience hall, was a place where people gathered for prayers. The chief features of Chola temples are their massive 'vimanas' or towers and spacious courtyards.

One of the best examples of Chola temple is the Brihadeshwara aka Rajarajeshwara temple, dedicated to Lord Shiva. Located in Thanjavur, it is one of the best specimens of Dravidian style of architecture.

The art of making stone and metal images had made rapid progress under the Chola rulers. The Cholas excelled in making images of Gods and Goddesses. The bronze image of Lord Shiva as 'Nataraja'— Lord of dance, is an excellent work of art and has also been described as the " cultural epitome" of the Cholas.

Land grants to religious institutions were called Brahmadeya, (i.e. donated to Brahmins) Devadana (donated to Gods) and Agrahara (Settlement – of priests) These lands donated to the temples and monasteries apart from being used as normal tenancy also carried a right vested with the temple authorities to call for unpaid labour (called Vishti) as a religious service to the temple from the tillers on the donated land.

Stereotypes about what women can or cannot do affects women’s right to equality because they are termed weak and incapable of doing strong work. It is because of this reason that women are called inferior to men. They are paid less salaries / wages than their man counterparts.

Mahmud Ghazni commonly known as Mahmud of Ghazni , who ruled Ghazni from 971 to 1030 AD.  So to plunder the wealth of India he made very first attack in 1001. He attacked India 17 times on India. He made his 16th attack on the Somnath temple in 1025 just to plunder the gold.

Major achievements of Qutubuddin Aibak:

1. Qutubuddin Captured Delhi and the famous Qila Rai Pithora which was a beautiful fort become his home.
2.  Qutubuddin founded the slave dynasty or Mamluk dynasty and this new kingdom is described as the Delhi Sultanate.
3.  He was honoured with the titile of Laksh Baksh or giver of Lakhs.
4.  He established full control over Northern India and made Lahore his capital. His rule lasted for a period of only 4 years as he met sudden death in 1210.
5.  He started the construction of famous Qutb Minar but it was later completed Iltutmish.

The Greek word ‘metamorphose’ which means change of form, is the root of the word metamorphic. In other words, these are the rocks that are formed when the igneous and sedimentary rocks change their form under the following two circumstances:

• Great heat and
• Great pressure

The following are the examples of metamorphic rocks:

• Slate: Clay becomes slate after metamorphosis.
• Marble: Limestone becomes marble after metamorphosis.

It is true that 'improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.The examples are provided below:-

(i) Contaminated water is the main reason for many diseases like cholera, jaundice etc.

(ii) By provision of clean drinking water, protection from water related diseases can be assured.

(iii) Poor sanitation is responsible for many communicable diseases.

(iv) Lack of proper sanitation also give rise to the birth of mosquitoes, several insects which affect the health of people.

(v) Proper sanitation will leads to hygienic condition which will surely control many diseases.

Focus:  is a point inside the earth’s crust from where the earthquake originates. Seismic waves spread outward in all direction from the focus and reach the earth's surface, causes shaking of the earth that we feel.
Epicentre :  is a point exactly above or perpendicular to the focus on the earth’s surface where the earthquake occurred. Since it is closer to the focus than any other point, it experiences most shaking.