Varṇa (वर्णः) is a Sanskrit word which means type, order, colour or class. The term refers to social classes in Brahminical books like the Manusmriti.These and other Hindu literature classified the society in principle into four varnas:
Brahmins: priests, scholars and teachers.
Kshatriyas: rulers, warriors and administrators.
Vaishyas: agriculturalists and merchants.
Shudras: laborers and service providers.

A clan is a group of families or households claiming descent from a common ancestor. Tribal organisation is often based on kinship or clan loyalties.

The Cheras find mention only in the ancient and early medieval periods of our history (up to the 12th century CE).The Mughal rule in the sub-continent commenced from 1526 CE after Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat and established his rule at Delhi. By this time, the Cheras had ceased to exist as a political power in the South.

Administrative Centres: Thanjavur was the capital of the Cholas. It was an administrative town. This is situated on the banks of Kaveri. Rajarajeshvara temple (built by Rajaraja Chola) is in this town. Kunjaramallam Rajaraja was the architect of this temple. Apart from the temple; palaces with mandapas (pavilions) are present in this town. The kings held court in these mandapas. Barracks for the army were also present in the town.

• Twice in 1299/1300 and 1302-1303. He raised a long standing army .
• He constructed a new garrison town named Siri for his soldiers.
• Soldiers were fed using the produce collected as tax from lands between the Ganga and Yamuna. Tax was fixed at 50 per cent of the peasant’s yield.
• He paid the soldiers in cash rather than iqtas. He controlled the prices of goods in Delhi to prevent the merchants from inflating them due to the dependence of the soldiers on them for supplies.
• He had a successful administration and gained praise from chroniclers for cheap prices and efficient supplies of goods in the market. He withstood the threat of Mongol invasions.

Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain was born in a rich family who acquired education with the dream of bringing about a change in the condition of women.

She learnt Bangla and English and later became a writer.She wrote a story Sultana's Dream in 1905. In her book she talks of an imaginary world , Ladyland where women are free and are treated equally.

She dreams of a society where women get equal opportunities, and are flying planes, driving cars, and controlling the society. In 1910 she started a school for girls in Kolkata. She has been a symbol of change.

Their military responsibilities included maintaining a specified number of sawar or cavalrymen. Their duty towards cavalrymen is:

• Bringing them for review
• Getting them registered
• Getting their horses branded and
• Paying their salary from the money received

Humayun faced many problems after becoming emperor of mughal. as the story goes ,he fell ill and his father Babur prayed for his recovery transfer his ill to him. his prayer was granted. humayun recovered , Babur fell ill and died soon .
after father's death, humayun ascended the throne of Delhi. nasir ud din Muhammad humayun who was popularly known as humayun was the eldest son of Babur so he became empire.
difficulty faced by humayun and Babur's legacy - the throne inherited by humayun was full of thorns. he had to face many difficulties right from his accession.among the major factors which contributed to his difficulties and problem were the legacy of Babur's will,the unfriendly treatment of his brothers and his relatives and lastly,the hostile attitude of the Afghans and Rajputs.

The major temperate grasslands include the veldts of Africa, the pampas of South America, the steppes of Eurasia, and the plains of North America.

1. Verbal Communication: which include conversation and storytelling.
2. Written Communication: Emails, social media, letters.
3. Oral Communication: , videoconferencing, voice chat. depends on the speed, volume, pitch, voice modulation, clarity of speech.
4. non-verbal Communication: to read what is between the lines with written communication and hear the unsaid of verbal communication.
5. Physical Communication: Body language.

Amritsar was developed around the GOLDEN TEMPLE (this temple is known as the holiest Sikh's shrine).

Diamond Hub of the World', 'Embroidery capital of India', 'Textile City of India' as it is proudly called; Surat is the fastest growing city in the world and a powerful magnet for fashion moguls, art lovers and diamond dealers.

Mansabdars were the patrons who joined the Mughal service. The term mansabdar refers to an individual who holds a mansab, which means a position or rank. It was a grading system used by the Mughals to fix the rank, salary and military responsibilities. Each mansabdar had to maintain a specified number of sawar or cavalrymen. A jagir was a revenue assignment for the mansabdars. The mansabdars had the right to collect revenue from a jagir but they could not reside in or administer the jagir. They only had rights to the revenue of their assignments which was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars served in some other part of the country.
In Akbar’s reign, these jagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were roughly equal to the salary of the mansabdar.
By Aurangzeb’s reign, the actual revenue collected was often less than the granted sum. Moreover, a huge increase in the number of mansabdars meant a long wait before they received a jagir. These and other factors created a shortage in the number of jagirs. As a result, many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir.
These factors during Aurangzeb’s reign led to the peasantry’s suffering and loss.

1. Muhammad bin Tughlaq transferred his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad primarily because of two reasons:
   • Daulatabad was centrally located and equidistant from Delhi and other important places.
   • Because Delhi was within the reach of the Mongols, Daulatabad appeared to be at a safe distance from the possible Mongol attacks in the future.