Subadari was the highest revenue official in the Mughal Empire.

Samantas was a name given to big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the Indian subcontinent, by the existing kings of the seventh century. They were expected to bring gifts for their kings or overlords, be present in their courts and also provide them with military support.

Types of Forests:
1. Equatorial Moist Evergreen or Rainforest:
2. Tropical Deciduous Forest:
3. Mediterranean Forests:
4. Temperate Broad-leaved Deciduous and Mixed Forest:
5. Warm Temperate Broad-leaved Deciduous Forest:
6. Coniferous Forest:

Earlier Shara must have been a green and fertile region. But excessive and intensive use of land for cultivation, large-scale deforestation, excessive pollution of land, air, and water, and soil erosion could have led to the conversion of land into a desert. Gradually the green flourishing region must have converted into yellow barren land.

• Ladakh is a cold desert lying in the Great Himalayas.
• Several rivers and glaciers are found in Ladakh. 
• The altitude in Ladakh varies from about 3000m in Kargil to more than 8,000m in the Karakoram.
• Due to its high altitude, the climate is extremely cold and dry.

Constitutive refers to the state of having the power or authority to form or establish something. For instance Government put constitutive rules on its people for instance Government implemented a tax on every good bought.

Another example, our parents put rules to live by in our homes like no coming back home later than 7 pm.

The Varna system in India refers to the caste system in which the society is divided into four castes. The caste system is hereditary in nature and is based on occupation. 

These are:

Brahamanas - The brahamanas belonged to the educated priestly class. They were the scholars who performed religious rites and imparted education to pupils.

Kshatriyas - The kshatriyas were the warrior class who protected their respective tribes from outside attacks.

Vaishyas - The class of vaishyas included farmers, traders and craftsmen who provided for the food and other requirements of the people.

Shudras - The shudras were the individuals who served the other three varnas and performed menial jobs.

Rain shadow: An area having relatively little precipitation due to the effect of a topographic barrier, especially a mountain range, that causes the prevailing winds to lose their moisture on the windward side, causing the leeward side to be dry.

Shopping complexes are the markets in the urban areas that have many shops. Malls are large multi-storeyed air-conditioned buildings with shops on different floors. We get both branded and non-branded goods. As mentioned in the chapter on advertising, branded goods are more expensive than non-branded goods. The branded goods are sold by the companies through shops in large urban markets and at times, through special showrooms also. Because of the high costs of these due to packaging, advertising, etc. many people cannot afford to buy them.

From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh there is a time lag of two hours, but the watches show the same time because the time along the Standard Meridian of India (82° 30' E) passing through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh is taken as the standard time for the whole country. Because the same standard time for the whole country has been adopted, the watches show the same time in Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat and in all parts of the country.  

Kabir Das, a mystical poet and great Saint of India, was born in the year 1440 and died in the year 1518. According to the Islam the meaning of the Kabir is The Great. Kabir Panth is the huge religious community which identifies the Kabir as the originator of the Sant Mat sects. The members of Kabir Panth are known as the Kabir panthis who had extended all over the over north and central India. Some of the great writings of the Kabir Das are Bijak, Kabir Granthawali, Anurag Sagar, Sakhi Granth etc. It is clearly not known about his birth parents but it is noted that he has been grew up by the very poor family of Muslim weavers. He was very spiritual person and became a great Sadhu. He got fame all over the world because of his influential traditions and culture.It is considered that he got all his spiritual training from his Guru named, Ramananda, in his early childhood. One day, he became a well known disciple of the Guru Ramananda. The house of the Kabir Das has accommodated students and scholars for living and studying his great works.There is no clue of the birth parent of the Kabir Das but it is considered that he was cared by a Muslim family. He was founded in Lehartara, a small town in Varanasi by the Niru and Nima (his care taker parents). His parents were extremely poor and uneducated but they very heartily adopted the little baby and trained him about their own business. He lived the balanced life of a simple house holder and a mystic.

Media gives news and discusses events that are happening in the entire world. Based on this people can understand how the government is functioning. These news stories are the basis on which people in a democracy can take action against the government’s policies and decisions by organizing public protests, starting signature campaigns etc thereby asking the government to rethink its decisions.

• Sultan Alauddin Khalji established a strong central government during his reign in which the Sultan was the head of the administra­tion. 
• The Sultan considered himself as a representative of God or “Shadow of God”.  As a result, he restricted matrimonial relations among nobles and officers as well as he prohibited secret meetings and parties etc.
• He also minimized the powers of Ulema in the affairs of State and religion.
• Alauddin Khalji paid his soldiers in cash. In order to enable his soldiers to buy products at cheap rates, he fixed the prices of commodities in and around Delhi. The markets were closely supervised and shopkeepers and traders charging above the fixed price were severely punished.
• Alauddin had maintained a huge army. To meet the expenses of such a huge army, he introduced many revenue reforms. The land was carefully measured and the taxes to be paid to the state were fixed. Taxes were collected by the revenue officers who were appointed for this purpose. The revenue to be paid was increased from one third to half and had to be paid in cash.