Read the following passage carefully and …

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: 1. For many years now, the governments have been promising the eradication of child labour in hazardous industries in India. But the truth is that despite all the rhetoric, no government so far has succeeded in eradicating this evil, nor has been able to ensure compulsory primary education for every Indian child. Between 60 to 100 million children are still at work instead of going to school, and around 10 million are working in hazardous industries. 2. India has the biggest child population of 380 million in the world, plus the largest number of children who are forced to earn a living. 3. We have many laws that ban child labour in hazardous industries. According to the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, the employment of children below the age of 14 years, in hazardous occupations, has been strictly banned. But each State has different rules regarding the minimum age of child employment. This makes implementation of these laws difficult. 4. Also, there is no ban on child labour in the non-hazardous occupations. The Act applies to the organised or factory sector and not the unorganised sector where most children find employment as cleaners, servants, porters, waiters, etc., among other forms of unskilled work. Thus, child labour continues because the implementation of the existing laws is lax. There are industries which have a special demand for child labour because of their nimble fingers, high level of concentration and capacity to work hard at abysmally low wages. The carpet industry in U.P. and Kashmir employs children to make hand-knitted carpets. Industries like gem-cutting and polishing, pottery and glass-making want to remain competitive by employing children. 5. The truth is that it is poverty which is pushing children into the labour market. We have 260 million people below the poverty line in India, a large number of them are women. Poor and especially woman-headed families, have no option but to push their little ones into this hard life in hostile conditions, with no human or labour rights. 6. There is a lobby which argues that there is nothing wrong with children working as long as the environment for work is conducive to learning new skills, but studies have shown that the children are made to do boring, repetitive and tedious jobs and are not taught new skills as they grow older. In these hell-holes, like the sweet shops of the old, there is no hope. Children working in hazardous industries are prone to debilitating diseases which can cripple them for life. By sitting in cramped, damp and unhygienic spaces, their limbs become deformed for life. Inside matchstick, fireworks and glass industries, they are victims of bronchial diseases and T.B. Their mental and physical development is permanently impaired due to long hours of work. Once trapped they cannot get out of this vicious circle of poverty. They remain uneducated and powerless. Finally in the later years, they too are compelled to send their own children to work. Child labour perpetuates its own nightmare. 7. If at all the governments were serious about granting children their rights, an intensive effort ought to have been made to implement the directive of the Supreme Court which recommends punitive action against employers of child labour. Only compulsory primary education can eliminate this child labour. If 380 million children are given a better life and elementary education, India's human capital would be greatly enhanced. But that needs, 'a second vision', as said by former President, Sh. Abdul Kalam. Based on your understanding of the passage, answer the questions given below: 1. "But the truth is that despite all the rhetoric, no government so far has succeeded in eradicating this evil..... The above statement conveys the author's....... (a) gratitude (b) pride (c) agony (d) fears 2. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 is not so easy to implement in letter and spirit. Justify this statement with reference from the given passage. Answer in about 40 words. 3. What are the different reasons for which certain

Q. 2. Read the passage given below: In a very short period of time the internet has had a profound impact on the way we live. Since the Internet was made operational in 1983, it has lowere both the costs of communication and the barriers to creative expression. It has challenged old business models and enabled new ones. It has provided access to information on a scale never before achievable. It succeeded because we designed it to be flexible and open. These two features have allowed it to accommodate innovation without massive changes to its infrastructure. An open, borderless and standardized platform means that barriers to entry are low, competition is high, interoperability is assured and innovation is rapid. The beauty of an open platform is that there are no gatekeepers. For centuries, access to and creation of information was controlled by the few. The internet has changed that --and is rapidly becoming the platform for everyone, by everyone. Of course, it still has a way to go. Today there are only about 2.3 billion internet users, representing roughly 30% of the world’s population. Much of the information that they can access online is in English, but this is changing rapidly. The technological progress of the internet has also set social change in motion. As with other enabling inventions before it, from the telegraph to television, some will worry about the effects of broader access to information -- the printing press and the rise in literacy that it effected were, after all, long seen as destabilising. Similar concerns about the internet are occasionally raised, but if we take a long view, I’m confident that its benefits far outweigh the discomforts of learning to integrate it into our lives. The internet and the world wide web are what they are becauseliterally millions of people have made it so. It is a grand collaboration. It would be foolish not to acknowledge that the openness of the internet has had a price. Security is an increasingly important issue and cannot be ignored. If there is an area of vital research and development for the internet, this is one of them. I am increasingly confident, however, that techniques and practices exist to make the internet safer and more secure while retaining its essentially open quality. After working on the internet and its predecessors for over four decades, I’m more optimistic about its promise than I have ever been. We are all free to innovate on the net every day. The internet is a tool of the people, built by the people for the people and it must stay that way. (a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using recognisable abbreviations (minimum four) wherever necessary. Use a format you consider appropriate. Supply a suitable title. (5 marks) (b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3 marks)

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