EQUILIBRIUM 231 SUMMARY When the number …

EQUILIBRIUM 231 SUMMARY When the number of molecules leaving the liquid to vapour equals the number of molecules returning to the liquid from vapour, equilibrium is said to be attained and is dynamic in nature. Equilibrium can be established for both physical and chemical processes and at this stage rate of forward and reverse reactions are equal. Equilibrium constant, Kc is expressed as the concentration of products divided by reactants, each term raised to the stoichiometric coefficient. For reaction, a A + b B c C +d D Kc = [C]c [D]d /[A]a [B]b Equilibrium constant has constant value at a fixed temperature and at this stage all the macroscopic properties such as concentration, pressure, etc. become constant. For a gaseous reaction equilibrium constant is expressed as Kp and is written by replacing concentration terms by partial pressures in Kc expression. The direction of reaction can be predicted by reaction quotient Qc which is equal to Kc at equilibrium. Le Chatelier’s principle states that the change in any factor such as temperature, pressure, concentration, etc. will cause the equilibrium to shift in such a direction so as to reduce or counteract the effect of the change. It can be used to study the effect of various factors such as temperature, concentration, pressure, catalyst and inert gases on the direction of equilibrium and to control the yield of products by controlling these factors. Catalyst does not effect the equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture but increases the rate of chemical reaction by making available a new lower energy pathway for conversion of reactants to products and vice-versa. All substances that conduct electricity in aqueous solutions are called electrolytes. Acids, bases and salts are electrolytes and the conduction of electricity by their aqueous solutions is due to anions and cations produced by the dissociation or ionization of electrolytes in aqueous solution. The strong electrolytes are completely dissociated. In weak electrolytes there is equilibrium between the ions and the unionized electrolyte molecules. According to Arrhenius, acids give hydrogen ions while bases produce hydroxyl ions in their aqueous solutions. Brönsted-Lowry on the other hand, defined an acid as a proton donor and a base as a proton acceptor. When a Brönsted-Lowry acid reacts with a base, it produces its conjugate base and a conjugate acid corresponding to the base with which it reacts. Thus a conjugate pair of acid-base differs only by one proton. Lewis further generalised the definition of an acid as an electron pair acceptor and a base as an electron pair donor. The expressions for ionization (equilibrium) constants of weak acids (Ka ) and weak bases (Kb ) are developed using Arrhenius definition. The degree of ionization and its dependence on concentration and common ion are discussed. The pH scale (pH = -log[H+ ]) for the hydrogen ion concentration (activity) has been introduced and extended to other quantities (pOH = – log[OH– ]) ; pKa = –log[Ka ] ; pKb = –log[Kb ]; and pKw = –log[Kw ] etc.). The ionization of water has been considered and we note that the equation: pH + pOH = pKw is always satisfied. The salts of strong acid and weak base, weak acid and strong base, and weak acid and weak base undergo hydrolysis in aqueous solution.The definition of buffer solutions, and their importance are discussed briefly. The solubility equilibrium of sparingly soluble salts is discussed and the equilibrium constant is introduced as solubility product constant (Ksp ). Its relationship with solubility of the salt is established. The conditions of precipitation of the salt from their solutions or their dissolution in water are worked out. The role of common ion and the solubility of sparingly soluble salts is also discussed. 2020-21

What are all the formulas used in chapter basic concepts of chemistry

How to calculate na2so4 mass percent with step by step

This content has been hidden. One or more users have flagged this content as inappropriate. Once content is flagged, it is hidden from users and is reviewed by myCBSEguide team against our Community Guidelines. If content is found in violation, the user posting this content will be banned for 30 days from using Homework help section. Suspended users will receive error while adding question or answer. Question comments have also been disabled. Read community guidelines at https://mycbseguide.com/community-guidelines.html

Few rules to keep homework help section safe, clean and informative.

• Don't post personal information, mobile numbers and other details.
• Don't use this platform for chatting, social networking and making friends. This platform is meant only for asking subject specific and study related questions.
• Be nice and polite and avoid rude and abusive language. Avoid inappropriate language and attention, vulgar terms and anything sexually suggestive. Avoid harassment and bullying.
• Ask specific question which are clear and concise.

Remember the goal of this website is to share knowledge and learn from each other. Ask questions and help others by answering questions.

The uncertainty in position and velocity 10-¹⁰ and 5.27×10-²⁴m/srespectively calculate the mass of the particle.

A mixture of 24~dm^{3} of hydrogen and 100~dm^{3} of oxygen was ignited and the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and pressure. What will be volume of gases remaining of the end of the reaction?

This content has been hidden. One or more users have flagged this content as inappropriate. Once content is flagged, it is hidden from users and is reviewed by myCBSEguide team against our Community Guidelines. If content is found in violation, the user posting this content will be banned for 30 days from using Homework help section. Suspended users will receive error while adding question or answer. Question comments have also been disabled. Read community guidelines at https://mycbseguide.com/community-guidelines.html

Few rules to keep homework help section safe, clean and informative.

• Don't post personal information, mobile numbers and other details.
• Don't use this platform for chatting, social networking and making friends. This platform is meant only for asking subject specific and study related questions.
• Be nice and polite and avoid rude and abusive language. Avoid inappropriate language and attention, vulgar terms and anything sexually suggestive. Avoid harassment and bullying.
• Ask specific question which are clear and concise.

Remember the goal of this website is to share knowledge and learn from each other. Ask questions and help others by answering questions.

Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density 1.41gml-1. And the mass percent of nitric acid in it being 69%

74 g of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 in 1 liter

This content has been hidden. One or more users have flagged this content as inappropriate. Once content is flagged, it is hidden from users and is reviewed by myCBSEguide team against our Community Guidelines. If content is found in violation, the user posting this content will be banned for 30 days from using Homework help section. Suspended users will receive error while adding question or answer. Question comments have also been disabled. Read community guidelines at https://mycbseguide.com/community-guidelines.html

Few rules to keep homework help section safe, clean and informative.

• Don't post personal information, mobile numbers and other details.
• Don't use this platform for chatting, social networking and making friends. This platform is meant only for asking subject specific and study related questions.
• Be nice and polite and avoid rude and abusive language. Avoid inappropriate language and attention, vulgar terms and anything sexually suggestive. Avoid harassment and bullying.
• Ask specific question which are clear and concise.

Remember the goal of this website is to share knowledge and learn from each other. Ask questions and help others by answering questions.

This content has been hidden. One or more users have flagged this content as inappropriate. Once content is flagged, it is hidden from users and is reviewed by myCBSEguide team against our Community Guidelines. If content is found in violation, the user posting this content will be banned for 30 days from using Homework help section. Suspended users will receive error while adding question or answer. Question comments have also been disabled. Read community guidelines at https://mycbseguide.com/community-guidelines.html

Few rules to keep homework help section safe, clean and informative.

• Don't post personal information, mobile numbers and other details.
• Don't use this platform for chatting, social networking and making friends. This platform is meant only for asking subject specific and study related questions.
• Be nice and polite and avoid rude and abusive language. Avoid inappropriate language and attention, vulgar terms and anything sexually suggestive. Avoid harassment and bullying.
• Ask specific question which are clear and concise.

Remember the goal of this website is to share knowledge and learn from each other. Ask questions and help others by answering questions.