‘Some countries of the world have …

Countries having low HDI: Range - below 0.5 Reasons- • spend more on defence rather than social sector. • political instability. • Low economic development. • Civil war, famine, disease.

Human development index depends on a number of factors like level of development, literacy, access to education, social environment, per capita income etc. It varies over space and time. Hence some countries have Low HDI than others. 1. Lower level of development or technological advancement. Level of development is an important factor for HDI. It includes both social and economic development. Lower social development refers to a situation where there is inequality or discrimination. 2. Low literacy rate. Low literacy rate may be due to lack of proper education infrastructure or lack of access to education. In underdeveloped countries, often there is an educational disparity among the various sections of the society. For example in some countries women have a lower literacy rate, gross enrollment rate, and a high drop out rate due to social constraints. 3. Poor health infrastructure. Healthcare is core to human development and also reduces the capability. 4. Low per capita income. It leads to lower purchasing power and there lower standard of living. This has negative impact on various other factors of HDI like access to proper healthcare and education. 5. Unstable political system. HDI is lower in countries which are politically unstable.