CLASS XII – COMPREHENSION PRACTICE Read …

CLASS XII – COMPREHENSION PRACTICE  Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: The effects of plastic bags on the environment are really quite devastating.  While there are many objections to the banking of plastic bags based solely on their convenience, the damage to the environment needs to be assessed too. There is no way to strictly limit the effects of plastic bags on the environment because there is no disposal method that will really help to eliminate the problem.  While reusing them is the first step, most people don’t do that.  These bags are not durable enough to survive numerous trips to the store.  The best a citizen can do is to reuse them. The biggest problem with this is that once they have been soiled they end up in the trash, which then ends up in the landfill or is burned.  Either of these solutions is not good for the environment.  Burning emits toxic gases that harm the atmosphere and increase the level of VOCs in the air while landfills hold them indefinitely as a part of the plastic waste problem throughout the globe. One of the greatest problems is that an estimated 300 million plastic bags end up in the Atlantic Ocean alone.  These bags are very dangerous for the sea life, especially for those of the mammal variety.  Any hunting mammal can easily mistake the size, shape and texture of the plastic bag for a meal and find its airway cut off.  Needless deaths from plastic bags are increasing every year. The environmental balance of the waterways is being thrown off by the rate of plastic bags finding their way into the mouths and intestinal tracts of sea mammals.  As one species begins to die off at an abnormal rate, every other living organism in the waterways is also impacted. The indefinite period of time that it takes for the average plastic bag to break down can be literary hundreds of years.  Every bag that ends up in the woodlands of the country threatens the natural progression of wildlife.  Because the breakdown rate is so slow the chances that the bag will harmlessly go away are extremely slim.  Throughout the world plastic bags are responsible for the suffocation deaths of woodland animals as well as for inhibiting soil nutrients.  The land litter that is made up of plastic bags has the potential to kill over and over again.  It has been estimated that one bag has the potential to unintentionally kill one animal every three months due to unintentional digestion or inhalation. While it’s a noble thought to place the plastic bags in the recycling bin every week, studies have proven that there are very few recycling plants that actually recycle them.  Most municipalities either burn them or send them off to the landfill after sorting.  This is because it can be expensive to recycle this type of plastic.  It doesn’t melt down easily and is often not fit to be reused in its original form. The premise of recycling these bags is nice.  Yet funding for the upgrading of the recycling units just has not happened and thus less than 1% of all bags are sent to recycling plants worldwide.  Most are left to become a pollution problem in one way or another. There are always alternatives to plastic bags and the search for better and more alternatives continues.  Paper bags are a possible option, but they also take their toll on the environment.  The use of trees to increase the production of paper products will also have a negative environmental effect. Reusable plastic bags are being introduced to regions that want to outlaw the plastic bags altogether.  These are stronger and more durable and can be used for three to five trips to the store.  Of course, the reusable cloth bag is fast becoming a favourite among the environmental supporters.  While so far no bag is without its issues, these are the bags that are currently recommended for use to help protect environmental concerns. On the basis of your understanding of the above passage, answer the questions given below by choosing the most appropriate option:  People object to the banning of plastic bags because they are: Durable Convenient                Easily disposable Useful The environmental balance of the waterways is being thrown off because: The amount of plastic bags is decreasing the water level The breaking rate of these bags is slow. Many species of sea mammals are dying.    There are 300 million plastic bags lying in the Atlantic Ocean What do must municipalities do to the plastic bags? Send them off to the landfill.        Recycle them. Clean and send them for reuse. Leave them undestroyed. The best option to replace plastic bags is Paper bags Reusable plastic bags Cloth bags All of the above. What is the first step to solve the problem of plastic waste? Reuse                        Replace Recycle All of the above Why are paper bags not good alternative of plastic bags? They are durable They cannot be recycled. Trees are cut to make them.        They are reusable. Answer the following questions briefly:  Why do people oppose the banning of plastic? Why is it not good to burn plastic? How are mammals affected by plastic bags? Why do most municipalities not recycle plastic? Which are better alternatives to plastic bags? Find words from the passage which mean the same as the following:  Choking  (para 9) Costly  (para 7)

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Q. 2. Read the passage given below: In a very short period of time the internet has had a profound impact on the way we live. Since the Internet was made operational in 1983, it has lowere both the costs of communication and the barriers to creative expression. It has challenged old business models and enabled new ones. It has provided access to information on a scale never before achievable. It succeeded because we designed it to be flexible and open. These two features have allowed it to accommodate innovation without massive changes to its infrastructure. An open, borderless and standardized platform means that barriers to entry are low, competition is high, interoperability is assured and innovation is rapid. The beauty of an open platform is that there are no gatekeepers. For centuries, access to and creation of information was controlled by the few. The internet has changed that --and is rapidly becoming the platform for everyone, by everyone. Of course, it still has a way to go. Today there are only about 2.3 billion internet users, representing roughly 30% of the world’s population. Much of the information that they can access online is in English, but this is changing rapidly. The technological progress of the internet has also set social change in motion. As with other enabling inventions before it, from the telegraph to television, some will worry about the effects of broader access to information -- the printing press and the rise in literacy that it effected were, after all, long seen as destabilising. Similar concerns about the internet are occasionally raised, but if we take a long view, I’m confident that its benefits far outweigh the discomforts of learning to integrate it into our lives. The internet and the world wide web are what they are becauseliterally millions of people have made it so. It is a grand collaboration. It would be foolish not to acknowledge that the openness of the internet has had a price. Security is an increasingly important issue and cannot be ignored. If there is an area of vital research and development for the internet, this is one of them. I am increasingly confident, however, that techniques and practices exist to make the internet safer and more secure while retaining its essentially open quality. After working on the internet and its predecessors for over four decades, I’m more optimistic about its promise than I have ever been. We are all free to innovate on the net every day. The internet is a tool of the people, built by the people for the people and it must stay that way. (a) On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using recognisable abbreviations (minimum four) wherever necessary. Use a format you consider appropriate. Supply a suitable title. (5 marks) (b) Write a summary of the passage in about 80 words. (3 marks)