1. The first written public examinations …

1. The first written public examinations were introduced over 2,000 years ago with the establishment of the imperial examination system in 606 AD in China. By the middle of the 19 th century, competitive examinations had been introduced in Britain and India to select government officials. Public examination in schools have a shorter; but still considerable, history. 2. At present, the examination system in India in characterised by heterogeneity. They differ in their vintage, organisational design, financial stability, autonomy, organisational culture and credibility. For instance, the National Institute of Open Schooling is unique in conducting exams through the distance mode; the Indian School Certificate Examination confines itself to only private schools; and the West Bengal Board of Madrasa Education is for Islamic educational institutions only. In a situation where public funds are involved, the equity, efficiency and transparency of this expenditure need to be assessed to ensure that the taxpayers’ money is being spent with due care and concern. The Amrik Singh report (1997) on reorganising boards wondered, “Can there also be a system whereby it becomes possible to grade and categorise the boards in respect of how efficiently and honestly examination are organised?” 3. To do so, a set of parameters were chosen to measure effectiveness, quit, transparency and economic efficiency of the functioning of these organisations. These include indicators like cost incurred per students, fee charged per student, number of examinees per employee and number of affiliated schools per employee. An analysis was made of the boards chosen on the basis of these parameters. The functioning of a total of 20 boards was analysed in terms of 18 performance indicators in 2005. 4. The data collected from the states shows that most boards have an operating surplus. However, the boards seem to be more sensitive to the needs of the disabled. All of them have some special provisions for such candidates. While these provisions vary widely in scope, most provide for a longer duration of examination, concessions in the examination of languages. The CBSE, along with the Maharashtra board, seem to fare the best.

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