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Law of multiple proportions (John Dalton 1804) states that when two elements combine to form two or more compounds, the weight of one of the elements which combines with a fixed weight of the other, bears a simple whole number ratio. For example, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form two compounds H₂O (water) and H₂O₂(hydrogen peroxide). In water, Hydrogen 2 parts and oxygen 16 parts In hydrogen peroxide hydrogen 2 parts and oxygen 32 parts.

The weights of oxygen which combine with same weight of hydrogen in these two compounds bear a simple ratio 1 : 2. Nitrogen forms five stable oxides:

N₂O Nitrogen 28 parts Oxygen 16 parts
N₂O₂ Nitrogen 28 parts Oxygen 32 parts
N₂O₃ Nitrogen 28 parts Oxygen 48 parts
N₂O₄ Nitrogen 28 parts Oxygen 64 parts
N₂O₅ Nitrogen 28 parts Oxygen 80 parts

The weight of oxygen which combines with same weight of nitrogen in the five compounds bear a ratio 16 : 32 : 48 : 64 : 80 : or 1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5.