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hindi

(i)Louis XVI was from the Bourbon family of kings, who  ascended the throne of France In 1774.

(ii)He was 20 years old when he got married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.

(iii)Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain.

Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. 

The history of colonialism is one of brutal subjugation of indigenous peoples.

The farmer with a small land of 1 hectare needs less capital to prepare his land. He uses traditional seeds, animals to plough, less labour, no machines, less chemical fertilisers or manure. He does irrigation manually and is helped by his family members to do the work of harvesting. The production from 1 hectare of his land is consumed by his family.

Masai se kya abhipray hai

The title  'Maasai'  is derived from the word  'Maa' . Maasai means 'My People' .

Pre-colonial Maasai Society and the Changes in the Colonial Period

In precolonial times Maasai society was divided into two social categories: (i) elders and (ii) warriors.

The elders who formed the ruling group, were the advisors and settled disputes. The younger people were the warriors. They defended the community and organised raids.

Wealth was assessed in terms of cattle. Through raids, power and prestige of different pastoral groups was asserted.

Under the British colonisers, chiefs of different sub-groups of Maasai's were made responsible for the affairs of the tribe. Also restrictions were imposed on warfare and raiding. These measures of the British had serious implications on Maasai society.

(i) There developed a distinction between wealthy and poor pastoralists. Chiefs had both pastoral and non-pastoral income. Often they accumulated wealth either through trade or by indulging in money-lending activities.

(ii) The life of the poor pastoralist who depended only on livestock was badly affected. Many were forced to give up their old occupation and had to ekk out a living as charcoal burners or by seeking jobs in towns

 

The rivers after descending from the mountains deposits pebbles in a narrow belt of 8-10km in width lying parallel to the slopes of the Shiwaliks.This narrow belt is known as the Bhabar.

Born in 1769 in the island of corsica Napoleon Bonaparte history in a military school in Paris in 1799 he has let's hope known as 18 promo and become the first council subsequently by 18 04 he was made emperor of France he 25 the french love under the name of Love lyrics Court of law which give rights to protect private property and inside the uniform system of weights and measures decentralized the government and release date romanticism as the state religion he was defeated by nails of British army in the battle of the Nile and the battle of trafalgar the battle of Waterloo in 1815 was Napoleon final defeat by Duke of Wellington he was in in present in the island of St Helena where he eventually die in 1821 the islands life of Liberty equality and and fraternity from the Touchstone the bridge French Revolution

Born in1769 in the Island of Corsica, Napoleon Bonaparte studied in a military school in Paris. In 1799 he led a coup known as 18 Brumaire and became the First Council. Subsequently, by 1804 he was made Emperor of France. He codified the French law under the name the Napoleonic Code of Law, which gave rights to protect private property and initiated the uniform system of weights and measures. He centralised the government and reinstated Roman Catholicism as the state religion. He was defeated by Nelson, the commander of the British army, in the Battle of the Nile and at the Battle of Trafalgar. The Battle of Waterloo in 1815 was Napoleon’s final defeat by the Duke of Wellington. He was imprisoned in the island of St. Helena where he eventually died in 1821. The ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity formed the touchstone of the French Revolution.

1After land ,labour is the next necessary factor for production 2 farming required a great deal if hard work. 3 small farmer along with there families cultivate their own field . 4 thus,they provide the kabour required for farming themself . Medium and large farmers hire farm labourers to work on their field .