The concept ‘Sanskritization’ was first introduced by Prof. M.N. Srinivas the famous Indian sociologist. He explained the concept of sanskritization in his book “Religion and society among the coorgs of South India” to describe the cultural mobility in the traditional caste structure of Indian society. In his study of the coorgs of Mysore, he came to know that the lower castes were trying to raise their status in their caste hierarchy by adopting some cultural ideals of the Brahmins. As a result they left some of their ideals which are considered to be impure by the Brahmins. To explain this process of mobility, Srinivas used the term ‘Brahminization’. Later on he called it ‘Sanskritization’ in a broad sense.

Defining Sanskritization Srinivas writes, “Sanskritization is a process by which a lower caste or tribe or any other group changes its customs, rituals, ideology and way of life in the direction of a higher or more often twice-born caste.”

(1) Caste Stratification is Inherited and Class Stratification is Mostly Achieved.

(2) Caste Stratification is Static whereas Class Stratification is Dynamic.

(3) Caste Stratification is Endogamous whereas Class Stratification is not Endogamous.

(4) Caste Stratification is rigid while Class Stratification is Flexible.

(5) Caste Occupations are Traditional whereas Class Occupations are Optional.

(6) Caste is Religious, while Class is Secular.

Modernization is the process where by a society is transformed from a rural and agrarian state to an industrialized, secular, urban society. In a modernized society, an individual becomes the basic unit of society and this makes them more important than the family or community. The importance of traditional religious beliefs declines, leading to the loss of distinctive cultural traits.

Secularization marks a process in which especially in industrialized societies the religious beliefs, practices institutions have lost their former social importance, the traditional beliefs are subjected to rational questioning, the monopoly of religious symbols is broken with the pluralization of the life spheres and people have established more control on their environment with the rise of individualism.
As a result of modernization, there occurs a partition from religious thoughts and practices and even from the metaphysical conceptions in all realms of human life.

• Successes and Achievements of family planning programme:

(i) Population dynamics is a significant matter, therefore to counter and control the increasing population, India has
become the first country to explicity declare such a policy in 1952.
(ii) The broad objectives of the National Family Programme are to try to influence the rate and pattern of population
growth in socially desirable directions.
(iii) The most important objective was to slow down the rate of population growth through the promotion of various birth
control methods, improve public health standards, and increase public awareness about population and health issues.
Over the past half-century or so, India has many significant achievements to her credit in the field of population.

• Failures of family planning programme:

(i) The Family Planning Programme suffered a setback during the years of the National Emergency (1975-76). Normal
parliamentary and legal procedures were suspended during this time and special laws and ordinances issued directly by
the government (without being passed by Parliament) were in force.
(ii) During this time the government tried to intensify the effort to bring down the growth rate of population by
introducing a coercive programme of mass
sterilization.There was widespread popular opposition to this programme, and the new government elected after the
Emergency abandoned it.
(iii) The National Family Planning Programme was renamed as the National Family Welfare Programme after
the Emergency, and coercive methods were no longer used

Waven silk spinners and twisters of bihar lost their jobs once the Chinese and Korean silk came the market. Consumers prefer this yarn at is somewhat cheaper and has shine.