Zamindari System: Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act.It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi.Also known as Permanent Settlement System.Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.
Ryotwari System: Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820.Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India.In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants. British Government collected taxes directly from the peasants.The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land.

Rural local government is known as Panchayati Raj. The major features of Panchayati Raj system in India are:

1. PRI is rural-based.
2. Each village or a group of villages in some states has Gram Panchayat.
3. This is a council consisting of several ward members often called Panch and a Sarpanch.
4. He/She is directly elected by all the adult population living in the village.
5. It is the decision making body for the entire village.
6. Panchayat works under the overall supervision of the Gram Sabha,
7. All the voters are its members and meet at least twice or thrice in a year to approve the annual budget and to review the performance of the gram panchayat.
8. Few gram panchayats form Panchayat Samiti or Block or Mandal.

Impact of colonialism on culture-
1. English education has impacted our education system. Now it has become a lingua-franca in every field.Its impact can been seen in our communication, job interviews packaging, advertisements and almost all sphere of our life.
2. Class and caste and religion bias and divide: Colonialism has widen the rift between classes, caste. Policy of divide and rule resulted in religious division in our society.
3. Urbanisation and Industrialization: It divided society into rural and urban, which started during colonial rule.
4. Likeness toward white skin: Years of colonial rule lead to misconception of white/ fair skin is better. For example we see a race in skin whitening products.
5. Salutations and greetings: Children's now prefer good morning, good evening, hi , bye etc instead of namaste, alwida etc

Impact of colonialism on Indian Politics:
1. Parliamentary type of government
2. Bicameralism
3. All India Services
4. Separate Rail and general budget
5. Multi Party System
6. Universal Franchise
7. Indian Penal code (IPC) and Criminal procedure code (CrPC)
etc

• Community identity is commonly based on birth and belonging rather than on some form of acquired qualifications.
• The ascriptive identities and community feeling is that they are universal.

(i) Calcutta exported jute to Dundee.
(ii) Madras exported coffee, sugar, Indigo dyes and cotton to Britain.

A social movement is a type of group action. There is no single consensus definition of a social movement. They are large, sometimes informal, groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on specific political or social issues.

India lies on the Indian Plate, the northern portion of the Indo-Australian Plate, whose continental crust forms the Indian subcontinent. The country is situated north of the equator between 8°04' to 37°06' north latitude and 68°07' to 97°25' east longitude.