In some European countries, females recorded favourable *** ratio because women enjoy the better socio-economic status and biologically more females are born than males and some social evils like female infanticide are not common in European countries.

A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.

When beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions, when the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of one religious group over the rest, we call it as communalism.

Modernisation means development in a country in the form of economic growth, technological development and rising infrastructure.
Westernisation means adopting the culture of the West. The culture adopted can be good or bad.

One of the significant theory in demography is the theory of demographic transition. This theory says that the population growth is directly related to the overall levels of economic development and generally every society follows a typical pattern of development related to population growth. Three basic phases of population growth are there. The first phase is of low population growth in an underdeveloped and technologically backward society. Growth rate in this is low because death rate and birth rate both are very high. That is why difference between the both or net growth rate is low. The third phase is also one of low growth in a developed society where both the birth rate and death rate have been reduced to a great extent and there is very less gap between both of them. But there is transitional stage between the two, which is a movement from a backward to an advanced stage. This stage has a feature of very high rates of growth of population.
Transitional phase is related to population explosion because death rate is brought down quickly through better nutrition, public health and advanced methods of disease control. But birth rate does not reduce to such an extent and that is why growth rate goes high. Many countries are struggling to reduce the birth rate in keeping with the falling death rate.

Social change refers to any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and cultural values and norms. By “significant” alteration, sociologists mean changes yielding profound social consequences.

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Zamindari System: Zamindari System was introduced by Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement Act.It was introduced in provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Varanasi.Also known as Permanent Settlement System.Zamindars were recognized as owner of the lands. Zamindars were given the rights to collect the rent from the peasants.The realized amount would be divided into 11 parts. 1/11 of the share belongs to Zamindars and 10/11 of the share belongs to East India Company.
Ryotwari System: Ryotwari System was introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820.Major areas of introduction include Madras, Bombay, parts of Assam and Coorgh provinces of British India.In Ryotwari System the ownership rights were handed over to the peasants. British Government collected taxes directly from the peasants.The revenue rates of Ryotwari System were 50% where the lands were dry and 60% in irrigated land.