• This system of land revenue was instituted in the late 18th century by Sir Thomas Munro, Governor of Madras in 1820.
• This was practiced in the Madras and Bombay areas, as well as Assam and Coorg provinces.
• In this system, the peasants or cultivators were regarded as the owners of the land. They had ownership rights, could sell, mortgage or gift the land.
• The taxes were directly collected by the government from the peasants.
• The rates were 50% in dry land and 60% in wetland.
• The rates were high and unlike in the Permanent System, they were open to being increased.
• If they failed to pay the taxes, they were evicted by the government.
• Ryot means peasant cultivators.
• Here there were no middlemen as in the Zamindari system. But, since high taxes had to paid only in cash (no option of paying in kind as before the British) the problem of moneylenders came into the show. They further burdened the peasants with heavy interests.

Globalisation is a process in which people of the world are linked together to each other through internet and other advanced means of communication. It means the integration of the economy of the country with the world economy. It aims to encourage foreign trade, private and institutional foreign investment.

The way in which the world economy is integrated in the modern world is globalization. Take example of Microsoft. Microsoft is having its headquarters in USA. This company is getting part of its software developed in India and several other countries. And Microsoft’s software is being used across the world. Another example can be Ford motors based in USA. Ford is having manufacturing plants in Chennai and cars manufactured in Chennai go for sale in other countries. Moreover, company may be getting gear boxes produced in some other country, seat belts from a different country, lights, rear view mirrors in some other nation by some other company. Almost all the components get supplied by various vendors to the Ford motor, which assembles them to make the car.

All these activities help in generating employment opportunities across the world. This in turn affects the world economy. You can think of various activities in the step of final production of a product or a service which take place around the world at different locations. This results in interdependence of national economies around the world.

The effects of liberalisation pattern in India are being discussed below –

1) The industrial policy 1991 has introduced liberalization privatization and globalisation in Indian economy.

2) The delicensing has increased the chances of self-employment.

3) Due to liberalisation foreign products are easily available in Indian market at competitive rates which has resulted in closure of many industries in India which ultimately resulted in unemployment.

4) Multinational companies are being welcomed in India.

5) Retail sector was introduced due to which many small traders, shop keepers; hand cart sellers lost their jobs.

6) Disinvestment resulted in sale of major share of government in public sector companies.

7) Companies are reducing number of permanent employees and outsourcing their work to smaller companies and are encouraging work from hom

Formal demography is mainly concerned with measurements. It is concerned with things like birth, death, emigration, marriage, divorce, etc. Social demography stresses the social, economic and political aspects of the population. The main function of formal demography is measuring and analyzing the components of population change. It stresses evolutionary analysis. For this, it uses mathematical and statistical methods. It is a method that helps in foreseeing changes in population growth and its structure. Social demography or population studies study the reasons for changes in population and its structures and their results (repercussions). Social demographers believe that demographic processes are controlled by social processes and structures. People like social scientists, demographers also try to nd out the social causes for demographic tendencies.

It is identity of an individual on the basis of his birth and belonging to a particular family that stands somewhere in social hierarchy and kinship. It's social stratification that gives an individual a particular identity i.e. his name, caste, surname etc. Community identity is formed through process of socialisation that involves a continuous dialogue, negotiation and even struggle against significant others (these directly involve in our lives). Like our parents, family, kin group and our community. Thus, community identity is determined by the accidents of birth and do not involve any choice on the part of the individual concerned.