Meaning or Definition of mass media: Mass media means the media such as print (press, newspapers, magazines), radio, television and films (movies shown or screened Jin a cinema hall or otherwise) which are used to communicate to a large number of people.

The term ‘mass’ is defined here in a sense of a large number of people of a community or group or a country (or several countries) as against a particular class or category of the people.
This notion of mass implies that mass media is different from other kinds of communication because they address a cross-section of a large population rather than a few individuals or a particular section of the population.
It is also called mass-media because information is disseminated through these channels simultaneously to the masses (all people or common people along with particular class and section).

Kinship is one of the main organizing principles of society. It is one of the basic social institutions found in every society. This institution establishes relationships between individuals and groups. People in all societies are bound together by various kinds of bonds.

Types of Kinship:
 

1. Consanguineal Kinship:

It refers to the relationships based on blood, i.e., the relationship between parents and children, and between siblings are the most basic and universal kin relations.

2. Affinal Kinship:

It refers to the relationships formed on the basis of marriage. The most basic relationship that results from marriage is that between husband and wife.

(i) Selection: Psychologists do not observe all the behaviour that they encounter. Rather, they select a particular behaviour for observation.
(ii) Recording: While observing, a researcher records the selected behaviour using different means, such as marking tallies for the already identified behaviour whenever they occur, taking notes describing each activity in greater detail using short hand or symbols, photographs, video recording, etc.
(iii) After the observations have been made, psychologists analyse whatever they have recorded with a view to derive some meaning out of it.
(iv) Observation is a skill. A good observation is a skill. A good observer knows what he/she is looking for, whom he/she wants to observe, when and where the observation needs to be made.

Gender and Sanskritisation: Sanskritisation support traditional way of life for women and it is more liberal for modernisation or westernisation for men. For example, during the colonial period boys were allowed to attend English Medium School, coeducation institution to adopt western food and diet style of meal and dresses. For Boys not for girls and women. Most of the supporters Sanskritisation support the women life within the four walls of the houses. They support or prefer the role of women as a mother as a sister and daughter with great owner. They like women to follow the traditional way of marriage with the consent of parents. Even during the ancient period like the people of lower caste women were not allowed to go for higher education in Sanskrit language and literature on a reasonably large number The same idea has been described by a women scholar.

Kumud Pawade in her autobiography recounts how a Dalit woman became a Sanskrit teacher. As a student she is drawn towards the study of Sanskrit, perhaps because it is the means through which she can break into a field that was not possible for her to enter on the ground of gender and caste. Perhaps she was drawn towards it because it would enable her to read in the original what the texts have to say about women and the Dalits. As she proceeds with her studies, she meets with varied reactions ranging from surprise to hostility, from guarded acceptance to brutal rejection. As she says:

The result is that although I try to forget my caste, it is impossible to forget. And then I remember an expression I heard somewhere: “What comes by birth, but can’t be cast off by dying - that is caste?”

Matriliny.  • Societies of Meghalaya Khasi, Jaintia, Garo tribes and societies of Kerala, Nayyar family property inheritance goes from mother to daughter whereas control passes from maternal uncle to Nephew.  • It means a women inherits property from mother and passes on to her daughter while a man controls his sister’s property and passes on control to his sister’s son.  • This matriliny generates intense role conflict for men because they are in conflict between their responsibilities to their own house on the one hand and to their wife and children on the other-“Should I pay more attention to my family or my sister’s family.”  This role conflict is for woman also.  She possesses only token authority, men are the defacto powerholders. Despite matriliny men are the powerholders.  Matriarchy  • In such societies the women exercise authority and play dominant role.  • Practically it is only a theoretical concept as it never allows the women to have real power of dominance.  • Realistically it is not existed even in matrilineal families

Counter-movement means a social movement opposed to another social movement. Whenever one social movement starts up, another group starts a movement to undermine the active group. For example, environmental issues, Raja Rammohan Roy's campaign against Sati'.