1. Cuban Missile Crisis made whole world nervous by creating clashes between the two superpowers, the US and Soviet Union namely Cold War.
2. Cold War referred to competitions, tensions and series of confrontations between the US and USSR.
3. In 1945, with the end of Second World War, Cold War began when the US dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in diplomatic manner to warn Soviet Union.

Revision Notes
Chapter-1
The Cold War Era class 12 Notes Political Science

1. Cuban Missile Crisis made the whole world suspecious by creating clashes between the two superpowers, the US and the USSR namely Cold War.
2. Cold War referred to competitions, tensions and series of confrontations between the super powers.
3. The end of Second World War, was also the beginning of the Cold War. The worldwar ended when the US dropped atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 to stop the Soviet Union from making military and political gains in Asia.
4. Both the powers became reluctant to initiate war to protect world from large scale destruction as they were aware that no political gains would justify the distruction of their societies.
5. The greed of expansion of their spheres of influence divided the world into alliances.

The US built western alliances which formalised into three organisations namely

• North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO),
• South East Asian Treaty Organisation (SEATO)
•  Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO).

6. The Soviet Union created Eastern alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and its principal function was to counter NATO’s forces in Europe.
7. Smaller states joined either of the alliances to get the promise of protection, weapons and economic aid against their local rivals.
8. Superpower required them to gain access to vital resources, military base to launch weapons and troops, to spy on each other and economic support.
9. Despite of occurring crisis in Korea, Vietnam and Afghanistan, both the superpowers behaved rationally and responsibly. However ,Since Cold War did not eliminate rivalries between the two alliances, mutual suspicions led them to an arms race.
10. Both the superpowers understood that war might occur in spite of restraint. To limit the destruction they decided to collaborate in limiting certain kinds of nuclear and non-nuclear weapons through ‘arms control’ by signing various treaties such as

• Limited Test Ban Treaty,
• Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty
• Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty.
• SALT-I ,SALT-II, START-I ,START-II.

11. Countries outside the two blocs known as NAM (Non Aligned Movement), joined by decolonised countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, played a crucial role in reducing cold war conflicts to maintain peace and stability all over the world.
12. Five founder members of NAM were

• Yugoslavia’s Josip Broz Tito,
• India’s JawaharlaL Nehru,
• Egypt’s leader Gamal Abdel Nasser,
• Indonesia’s Sukarno
•  Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah.

13. The majority of NAM members were categorised as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) which initiated economic development under the head of New International Economic Order (NIEO).
14. Economic development was vital for independence of the new countries. The United Nations Conference of Trade and Development (UNCTAD) brought out a report in 1972 to propose:-

• to give the LDCs control over their natural resources,
• to make western market available to them
• to reduce cost of technology and
• to provide a greater role in international economic institutions.

15. India responded to growth of Cold War in two fold. First, it stayed away from alliances further, it raised voice against newly decolonised countries becoming part of either the alliance.
16. NAM served India’s interests also to participate in international decisions and maintained balance between the two superpowers.
17. India’s policy was criticised on grounds of possessing contradictory postures i.e.

• Sgned treaty of friendship with the USSR in August 1971 for 20 years,
• The Indian government’s view was that India needed diplomatic and military support during Bangladesh crisis
• That in any case the treaty did not stop India from having good relations with other countries including the US.

18. It is said that NAM has lost some of its earlier relevance after disintegration of USSR and end of cold war in 1991 both as an international movement and as the core of India’s foreign policy.
19. NAM is based on a resolve to democratise international system by thinking about a alternative world order to redress existing inequities that poor and very small countries need not to follow any of the big powers instead they can pursue an independent foreign policy also.
20. These core values make NAM relevant even in today’s scenario as it has stood against adverse circumstances and served an important purpose of protecting the interests of third world countries.

(i) After its massive victory in the 1971, Indira Gandhi amended the constitutions to remove legal obstacles for abolition of privy purse.
(ii) She focused on the growth of the public sector.
(iii) Imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban property.
(iv) Through ‘Garibi Hatao’ she had generated a support base among the disadvantaged, Dalits, Adivasis and minorities.
(v) The crisis in East Pakistan and Indo-Pak war leading to the establishment of Bangladesh.
(vi) The characteristic features of statesman and strong nationalist leader.

Under Lord Hastings, the East India Company pursued territorial expansion and  policy of 'paramountcy'   to state that British  power was more than any Indian state. Under this claim, they justified their annexation of other territories.

(a) India’s Nuclear Policy:
1. India advocates no first use and reiterates India’s commitment to global verifiable on non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament loading to a nuclear weapon free world.
2. Pt. Nehru always promoted ’ science and technology to build
a modern India, i.e. initiated nuclear programme in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhoba.
3. India was against nuclear weapons, hence pleaded many nuclear disarmament with superpowers.
4. India always considered NPT as discriminatory and refused to sign on it.
5. Even India’s first Nuclear Test in May 1974 was termed as a peaceful explosion and India argued to use nuclear power for peaceful purposes only

The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and east Europe that was influenced by the world Bank and the IMF is known as ‘Shock Therapy’. The model of transition in Russia, Central Asia and east Europe that was influenced by the world Bank and the IMF is known as ‘Shock Therapy’.