In 1967 a peasant uprising took place in Naxalbari police station of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal under the leadership of the local cadres of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). This peasant movement spread to several states of India and came to be referred broadly as the Naxalite Movement.

The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was established on December 8, 1991, in the Belovezh Accords, which also brought an end to the Soviet Union. These accords were signed by leaders from Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus, and on December 21, 1991, in the Almaty Delcaration and Proctocol to these accords, eight additional states (Moldavia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkemenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan) confirmed their intention to join the CIS and accept the demise of the Soviet state. Georgia joined the CIS in December 1993, bringing total membership to twelve states (the Baltic republics of Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia never joined).

Communalism is a situation when a particular community tries to promote its own interest at the cost of other communities.

Largest garage sale in history was resulted due to shock therapy to undervalue the valuable industries of the USSR to sell them at throwaway prices.

‘Federal Government’ is a set of government in which powers are distributed between a central authority and various constitutional units.
The key features of a federal government are as follows:
(i) Two or more levels of Government: In a federal government there are two or more levels of government at the State, provincial and local levels. As an exception in India we have third level of government i.e., at the local level.
(ii) Constitutional Status : Federalism provides constitutional guarantees for the existence and authority of each tier of government. The jurisdiction of the respective levels or tiers of government are specified in the constitution.
(iii) Independent Judiciary: Independent judiciary is the essence of federal government. Here courts have the power to interpret the constitution and the powers of the different levels of government. The highest court acts as an umpire if a dispute arises between different levels of government in the exercise of their respective powers.
(iv) Financial Autonomy : In order to ensure financial autonomy federalism provides specified sources of revenue for each level of government. Every level is free in its own way to impose taxes and raise funds through remunerative enterprises.
In this way a ‘federal government’ has dual objectives i.e., to safeguard and to promote unity of the country by way of mutual trust and agreement to live together.
(v) Distribution of Powers: In federalism different tiers of government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

Amritsar.

Operation Blue Star was an Indian military operation carried out between 1 and 8 June 1984, ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to remove militant religious leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and his armed followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar, Punjab.

Sikkim (1975):

This peaceful state was an Indian protectorate until it merged with the Indian Union as an independent state in 1975 with Gangtok as its capital. 

Jyotirao Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker were critical of the national movement. Ramaswamy Naicker had become a member of the Congress. He soon left the Congress as he felt that the Party discriminated among castes. The lower castes were made to sit at a distance from the upper castes. Periyar founded the Self Respect Movement as he felt that the untouchables had to fight for their dignity. He stated that the untouchables were the true upholders of the Tamil and Dravidian culture. Periyar passionately wanted the untouchables to free themselves and achieve social equality.
Periyar was an outspoken critic of Hindu scriptures, especially the Codes of Manu, the ancient lawgiver, and the Bhagavad Gita and the Ramayana<i>.</i> He felt these scriptures established the authority of Brahmans over lower castes and the justified the domination of men over women. There was great opposition for Periyar’s views among the upper-caste nationalist leaders
The forceful speeches, writings and movements of Jyotirao Phule and Ramaswamy Naicker set many upper-caste nationalist leaders thinking

 Three challenges to democracy in Nepal are as explained below :
(i) The Maoists who believe in armed insurrection against the monarch and the ruling elite, have now asked for the constitution to include the radical programmes of social and economic restructuring.
(ii) Some sections think that a nominal monarchy is necessary in Nepal to retain its link with the past.
(iii) Differences between the Maoists and the parties in the Seven Parties Alliance are also challenge to the democracy in Nepal as they view india with suspicion of its role in Nepal future.

To overcome hegemony there are different strategies developed by analysts. As the bandwagon strategy reveals to extract benefits by operating within hegemonic system. ‘To hide’ strategy implies staying as far from the dominant power as possible. And it may be possible that various challenges to occur from non-state actors in the form of their writings, expressions to would the minds of people.

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