Gorbachev's decision to allow elections with a multi-party system and create a presidency for the Soviet Union began a slow process of democratization that eventually destabilized Communist control and contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union. The factors responsible for Disintegration of U.S.S.R: (i) Internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions. (ii) Economic stagnation for many years led to severe consumer shortages. (iii) Soviet Union became stagnant in an administrative and political sense as well.

There was a political crisis in Bihar state of India during February 2015 over the post of the Chief Minister of Bihar. Manjhi quit the post on day of vote and later Nitish Kumar took oath as chief minister again on 22 February 2015 ending the crisis.

The main objective of Indian planning is to achieve the goal of economic development economic development is necessary for under developed countries because they can solve the problems of general poverty, unemployment and backwardness through it.  Planning helps a business identify its goals. Preparing for the future allows business leaders to consider the impact they would like the company to have and to find a way to get there. When a team works together to set goals, it allows everyone to be on the same page, working toward a common, shared purpose 

The U.S. and the Soviet Union had different ideas about how to run an economy (business) and government. The U.S. believed in Capitalism – a system where ordinary people and businesses control the production of goods and services. The Soviet Union influenced Eastern Europe, while the U.S. influenced Western Europe. The economy of the Soviet Union was based on a system of state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, industrial manufacturing and centralized administrative planning.

The following steps should be taken to make UN more relevant in the changing context:
(i) Creation of a Peacebuilding Commission.
(ii) Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of national government to protect their own citizen from atrocities.
(iii) Establishment of a Human Right Council.
(iv) Agreements to achieve Millennium Development Goals.
(v) Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.

The Cold War is the name given to the relationship that developed primarily between the USA and the USSR after World War Two. The Cold War was to dominate international affairs for decades and many major crises occurred – the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Hungary and the Berlin Wall being just some. The political conflict and military tension between the Soviet Union and the Western powers, especially the United States. It was called the "Cold War" because actual war between the two countries never broke out.

The superpowers needed military alliances with smaller countries due to the following reasons:
 (i) To gain access to vital resources, such as oil and minerals.
(ii) To gain access to territory, from where the superpowers could launch their weapons and troops.
(iii) To gain access to locations from where they could spy on each other.                           

(i) In the early 1920s the Communists took inspiration from the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and advocated Socialism as the solution to problems affecting the country.

(ii) From 1935, the Communists worked mainly from within the fold of Congress.In December 1941, they left the Congress due to differences over Communist’s supporting the British in their war against Nazi Germany.

(iii) The Communist Party of lndia had a well-organised party machinery and dedicated cadre at the time of independence.

(iv) After independence the Communist Party thought that the transfer of power in 1947 was not true independence and  encouraged violent uprisings in Telangana. 

® CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) was a military organization established in the Middle East countries.

® CENTO was established under the leadership and inspiration of England. Various Arab countries joined CENTO. Later, America took over its leadership.

The cold war era. India's role in Non-Aligned Movement was significant for reasons mentioned below :
(i) First Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the five founders of NAM.
(ii) As a leader of NAM, India stayed away from the two camps.

The role of India in reforming and restructuring of the UN has been examined below :
(i) India believes in strenghthened and rivaltalised UN is desirable in changing world.
(ii) India believes that the UN should pay more attention towards development as it is vital precondition for maintenance of international peace and security.
(iii) The overwhelming majority of the UN General Assembly members are now developing countries. Therefore India argues that they should also have role in shaping the decision of the Security Council which affects them.
(iv) India supports an increase in the number of permanent and non permanent members of the Security Council.