Chapter: 7. Security in the Contemporary World Subject: Political Science - Class 12th Long Answer (6 Marks) What is meant by the traditional notion of external security? Describe its components. The external notion of security is concerned with the protection of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity from the military threat of another country. The biggest threat to any country is the military threat from another country. Such actions endanger the lives of ordinary citizens as well. The government has three choices in responding to the threat of War: i. The government can choose to surrender. ii. It can prevent the other side from attacking by promising to raise the cost of War to an unacceptable level. c. To defend itself when the war breaks out so as to deny the attacking country it objective and to defeat the attacking forces altogether. The security policy is concerned with the prevention of war which is called deterrence and limiting or ending the war which is called the defense. The traditional external notion of security has two major components of the balance of power and Alliance building. a. The balance of power is an important component of the traditional security policy. When countries look around them, they notice that some countries are bigger and stronger than them and might be a threat in the future. A neighbouring country may not be preparing for an attack without any obvious reason. But if the country is powerful there may be a possibility of aggression from inside. The governments are very sensitive to the balance of power between their country and other countries. They strive to achieve a favourable balance of power between the countries with whom they had differences in the past, with the countries with whom they currently have differences and with the neighbouring countries. An important aspect of maintaining a balance of power is developing a strong military base along with economic and technological power. b. An Alliance is a coalition of states that coordinates their actions to defend any military attack. It is the fourth element of the traditional security policy. Most alliances are formulized in written treaties and are based on a fairly clear identification of what constitutes the threats. The countries form alliances to increase the effective power relative to another country or another Alliance. It is based on national interest and can change when the national interest changes.

CIS stands for Common Wealth of independent states .

Common wealth international State

The features of Soviet system are... Summed up to follow (1) The Soviet union became a great power after second world war (2) The Soviet economy was then more developed than the rest of the world except for the us (3) It had complex communication network, vast energy resources including oil, iron and steel, machinery production and transport sector that connects its remote area with efficiency (4) It had a domestic consumers industry that produced everything from pins to cars (5) Soviet state ensured a minimum standards of living for all citizens and government subsidies basic necessities and other welfare schemes (6) There were no unemployment

(1) Perestorika (2) Glasnost and (3) Uskorine

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Globalisation has been advantageous to producers in the following ways:

1. The producers now have access to international markets.
2. Globalisation has also enabled free movement of capital, i.e.via electronic transfers etc.
3. Globalisation has enabled access to foreign investment in capital and technology via Foreign Direct Investment etc.
4. Globalization has enabled some big Indian companies to establish themselves as Multi-National Corporations (MNCs). For e.g.Tata Motors.

Globalisation has been advantageous to consumers in the following ways:

1. Globalisation has led to employment generation and has benefited the consumer. It has increased the purchasing power of the consumer.
2. Globalisation has also given rise to intense competition due to opening up of markets to foreign companies. As a result, this has led to an increase in product quality and a decrease in the prices of the products which ultimately is to benefit of the consumer.
3. The consumers have benefited from the arrival of MNCs as they have now a larger choice in the goods and services that are available to them in the market.
4. Due to globalization, people can now enjoy a higher standard of living. 

Initially, Sikkim remained an independent country, until it merged with India in 1975 after a decisive referendum. Many provisions of the Indian constitution had to be altered to accommodate the international treaties and between Sikkim and India.

for 4 marks

India adopted multi-party system because

• It strengthens democracy.
• India is geographically a very large country
• India is socially a very diverse country
• India is culturally and religiously a diverse country.
• All these diversities can be accommodated if there is a multi-party system and just 1 party or 2 party system will not help in more representation and participation of people in democratic processes.

No, we will only study about one party. The Indian National Congress(INC).

No

NITI Aayog is basically a think-tank or an advisory body. The Planning Commission had the power to impose policies on States and for the projects approved by the Planning Commission. The powers for the allocation of funds have not been given to the NITI Aayog.