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What is bipolarity

Following the aftermath of World War II. European leaders realised that only large-scale integration would be an antidote to the extreme nationalism that was the cause of the global war. Winston Churchill went further and advocated the emergence of the United States of Europe. The 1948 Hague Congress was a pivotal moment in European federal history, as it led to the creation of the European Movement International and of the College of Europe, where Europe’s future leaders would live and study together. The founding of the following unions which eventually evolved into the European Union: European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) – Treaty of Paris 1951European Economic Community (EEC) – Treaty of Rome 1957 The original 6 members of European Communities were FranceItalyNetherlandsBelgiumWest GermanyLuxembourg European Union – Brexit  On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom (U.K) formally left the European Union. U.K is the first country to leave the E.U. The exit was in accordance with Article 50 of the Treaty of the European Union.

The European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treaty—whose main architects were Horst Köhler, Helmut Kohl and François Mitterrand—came into force on 1 November 1993. The treaty also gave the name European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred to as such before the treaty.

Berlin Wall was divided in two ideology socialism and capitalism and unification of Germany in two parts east berlin was seperated to west berlin the stood up 28years ,150km long built in 1961 and broken by the 9 9 november,1989

Berlin Wall was a barrier that divided Germany from 1961 to 1989.

It was built during cold war period between USA and USSR IN 1962

Berlin wall is wall constructed to divide Berlin,capital into east and west berlin

To know decentralization we have to know three tier system of administration In india there are three adiminstrationlevels- central level, state level and lowest level of administration(gaon panchayat). Therefore the planning regarding rural development ,agricultural development etc are formulated by the central government or state government and reach to people through gaon panchayat government. This is the decentralization of planning.

Decentralization planning can also call descending planning

Causes. 1.) There was lack of basic freedom like freedom of speech,freedom of press 2.) The administration of the USSR was ruled by communist party, there was no opposition party. 3.) Economic stagnation. The economy of USSR WAS stagnant . Consequences of soviet union disintegration. 1.) Fifteen countries were emergre from it example UkRAINE,uzbekistan,Kazakastan etc 2.) After the disintegration of USSR cold war was ended 3.) And many newly independent countries change there system from socialist model of economy to liberal capitalism

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The main objective of Eu is a supranational power

Chapter: 7. Security in the Contemporary World Subject: Political Science - Class 12th Long Answer (6 Marks) What is meant by the traditional notion of external security? Describe its components. The external notion of security is concerned with the protection of sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity from the military threat of another country. The biggest threat to any country is the military threat from another country. Such actions endanger the lives of ordinary citizens as well. The government has three choices in responding to the threat of War: i. The government can choose to surrender. ii. It can prevent the other side from attacking by promising to raise the cost of War to an unacceptable level. c. To defend itself when the war breaks out so as to deny the attacking country it objective and to defeat the attacking forces altogether. The security policy is concerned with the prevention of war which is called deterrence and limiting or ending the war which is called the defense. The traditional external notion of security has two major components of the balance of power and Alliance building. a. The balance of power is an important component of the traditional security policy. When countries look around them, they notice that some countries are bigger and stronger than them and might be a threat in the future. A neighbouring country may not be preparing for an attack without any obvious reason. But if the country is powerful there may be a possibility of aggression from inside. The governments are very sensitive to the balance of power between their country and other countries. They strive to achieve a favourable balance of power between the countries with whom they had differences in the past, with the countries with whom they currently have differences and with the neighbouring countries. An important aspect of maintaining a balance of power is developing a strong military base along with economic and technological power. b. An Alliance is a coalition of states that coordinates their actions to defend any military attack. It is the fourth element of the traditional security policy. Most alliances are formulized in written treaties and are based on a fairly clear identification of what constitutes the threats. The countries form alliances to increase the effective power relative to another country or another Alliance. It is based on national interest and can change when the national interest changes.