It was the Swatantra Party of the veteran freedom fighter Rajaji. The party won 44 seats. The Communist Parties came a close second with a combined tally of 42 seats (CPI 23 + CPM 19) Bharatiya Jan Sangh, which was the precursor of the present BJP won 35 seats. The surprise packet was DMK from the then Madras state, which won 25 seats.

: The Emergency adversely affected the functioning of mass media as mentioned below:

(i) After midnight of 25 June 1975, the electricity to all the major newspaper offices was disconnected.

(ii) Freedom of press was suspended and press censorship was introduced.

(iii) Newspapers like the Indian Express and the Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored.

(iv) Magazines like the Seminar and the Main Stream chose to close down rather than submit to censorship.

(v) Many journalists were arrested for writing against the Emergency.

(vi) Many underground newsletters and leaflets were published to bypass censorship.

Policy to hide: The strategy for states 'to hide' implies that the states should remain away from the dominant power. Practically, however, it is not possible for mega-states to follow this policy for any substantial length of time.

India's role in Non-Aligned Movement was significant for reasons mentioned below :(i) First Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru was one of the five founders of NAM.

(ii) As a leader of NAM, India stayed away from the two camps. Not only this, India asked the newly decolonised countries not to become part Of those alliances.

(iii) It was a policy not of ‘being neutral’ but of active intervention too. India intervened in the Korea war. India tried to involve other members of the non-aligned group with her. India repeatedly tried to activate those regional and international organisations which were not part of the alliances led by the US and USSR.

India was criticised for signing the Treaty of Friendship in August 1971 with the USSR as virtually joining the Soviet alliance system. But in fact India needed diplomatic and possibly military support during the Bangladesh crisis. Moreover, it did not stop India from having good relations with USA and other countries.

1. Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan from Janata Party was a Marxist of youth, who became a Gandhian and involved himself in a Bhoodan movement.
2. He led Bihar movement and opposed the emergency.
3. Bihar students invited him and he accepted on the condition of movement to be non-violent and not to limit only to Bihar territory. Hence, Bihar movement assumed a political character and national appeal.
4. This movement demanded dismissal of Congress government in Bihar and called for total revolution in social, economic and political aspects to establish a total democracy.
5. Bandhs, gheraos, strikes were organised in protest. Even employees of railways organised a strike which threatened to paralyse the country.
6. In 1975, Janata Party led people’s march to parliament to be one of the largest political rallies ever held in capital.
7. Janata was supported by non¬Congress parties like BJS, socialist
parties etc., which projected JP as an alternative to Indira Gandhi.

• Globalisation means the flows of ideas, capital, commodities and people across different parts of the world. It is a multidimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
• Globalisation need not always be positive. It can have negative consequences for the people.
• As a concept, globalisation fundamentally deals with flows. These flows can be ideas moving from one part of the world to another, commodities being traded across borders and so on.
• The crucial element is the worldwide inter connectedness which is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows.

Many rulers of the Princely States were dreaming of establishing independent of their own. However, as a result of the movement of the people the states and the able stewardship of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, they acceded to India by signing an Instrument of Accession.

On July 7, HRD Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal announced a major CBSE syllabus reduction with 30% of the syllabus slashed for the year 2020-21 for classes 9 to 12 because of the reduction in classroom teaching time due to the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown.

CBSE has rationalized the syllabus with the help of suggestions from NCERT and the same has been notified by a new CBSE notification as well.

Deleted syllabus of CBSE Class 12 Political Science

Fore revised syllabus click: <a href="http://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/CurriculumMain21/revisedsyllabi/SrSecondary/REVISEDPoliticalScience_Sr.Sec_2020-21.pdf" target="_blank">REVISED - Political Science</a> | <a href="http://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/CurriculumMain21/SrSecondary/AR_PolScience_Sr.Sec_2020-21.pdf" target="_blank">Reference Material</a> | <a href="http://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/CurriculumMain21/SrSecondary/PolScience-Hindi.pdf" target="_blank">In Hind</a>

Answer:  Shock Therapy was a painful process of transition from an authoritarian socialist system to a democratic capitalist system. This transformation system was influenced by the world bank and the IMF in Russia, Central Asia and East Europe. Though it varies in intensity and speed amongst the former second world countries but its direction and features were quite similar.
 

A n s w e r :

The features of the Soviet System are as follows:

(i) It was very bureaucratic and authoritarian.

 (ii) It had tight control over all institution and was unaccountable to the people.

The role of the United Nations as the most important international organisation was as:

1. UN provides a platform for discussing contentious issues and finding solutions.
2. It helps member states to resolve their problems peacefully.
3. There are certain issues that can not be dealt with individually by any one state. So, states can come together to solve the issue.
4. It promotes development and cooperation among states.
5. Works for preventing international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among member states.

The role of the United Nations as the most important international organisation was as:

1. UN provides a platform for discussing contentious issues and finding solutions.
2. It helps member states to resolve their problems peacefully.
3. There are certain issues that can not be dealt with individually by any one state. So, states can come together to solve the issue.
4. It promotes development and cooperation among states.
5. Works for preventing international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among member states.

The superpowers needed military alliances with smaller countries due to the following reasons:
(i) To gain access to vital resources, such as oil and minerals.

(ii) To gain access to territory, from where the superpowers could launch their weapons and troops.
(iii) To gain access to locations from where they could spy on each other.

"Tryst with Destiny" was a speech delivered by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India, to the Indian Constituent Assembly in the Parliament, on the eve of India's Independence, towards midnight on 14 August 1947. It spoke on the aspects that transcend India's history. Throughout his 17-year leadership, Nehru advocated democratic socialism and secularism and encouraged India's industrialization beginning with the implementation of the first of his five-year plans in 1951, which emphasized the importance of increasing agricultural production.

Arguments for justification:

i. It is almost 60 years that the formation of Linguistic States have changed the nature of democratic politics in a positive and constructive way.
ii. Formation on the basis of language became a uniform basis for drawing the state boundaries. It has united the country rather than leading to disintegration.
iii. Regional aspirations when fulfilled, give strength to the people and make democracy a success. Many a regional aspirations are being accommodated to strengthen the democracy.

The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, starting with protests in Tunisia. From Tunisia, the protests then spread to five other countries: Libya, Egypt, Yemen, Syria and Bahrain, where either the ruler was deposed or major uprisings and social violence occurred including riots, civil wars or insurgencies. Sustained street demonstrations took place in Morocco, Iraq, Algeria, Iranian Khuzestan, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, and Sudan.

As a supernational organisation, the European Union bears economic, political diplomacy and military influence as a regional organisation in the following manner:

1. Economic Influence:

•  Three times larger share in world trade than the US.
•  Its currency Euro, can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar.
•  The EU functions as an important bloc in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). 

2. Political and Diplomatic Influences:

•  Two members of the EU, Britain and France hold permanent seats in the Security Council to influence the UN policies.
•  The EU also includes various non-permanent members of the UNSC.
•  The European Union play an influential role in diplomacy and negotiations except the military force i.e. the EU’s dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation is remarkable.