Help to Western European countries

According to the disciplining hypothesis, globalization restrains governments by inducing increased budgetary pressure. As a consequence, governments shift their expenditures in favour of transfers and subsidies and away from capital expenditures. While globalization has radically increased incomes and economic growth in developing countries and lowered consumer prices in developed countries, it also changes the power balance between developing and developed countries and affects the culture of each affected country. Globalization has led to a sharp increase in trade and economic exchanges, but also to a multiplication of financial exchanges. In the 1970s world economies opened up and the development of free trade policies accelerated the globalization phenomenon. Between 1950 and 2010, world exports increased 33-fold.

• Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity i.e. by reducing the ability of government to do what they want to do.
• It gives way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order, and the security of its citizens.
• In place of the state the market becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
• Globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be unchallenged basis of political community.
• State capacity has received boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the disnosal of the state to collect information about its citizens.

a. While the ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, the EU, and Japan. Its economy is growing much faster than all these. This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond. 

b. ASEAN has focused on creating a “Free trade Area for investment, labour, and services. The US and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN. 

c. ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organization. Its vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflict in the region. Thus ASEAN has mediated the end of Cambodian conflict and the east Timor Crisis. 

d. The current economy strength of ASEAN, especially its economy relevance as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economy such as India and China, makes this an attractive proposition

a. While the ASEAN region as a whole is a much smaller economy compared to the US, the EU, and Japan. Its economy is growing much faster than all these. This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond.  b. ASEAN has focused on creating a “Free trade Area for investment, labour, and services. The US and China have already moved fast to negotiate FTAs with ASEAN.  c. ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organization. Its vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiation over conflict in the region. Thus ASEAN has mediated the end of Cambodian conflict and the east Timor Crisis.  d. The current economy strength of ASEAN, especially its economy relevance as a trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economy such as India and China, makes this an attractive proposition. 

• Under article 352, if the president is satisfied that there exists a grave situation, wherein the security of the country is threatened on the grounds of wars, external aggression or armed rebellion, he can proclaim emergency to that effect.
• Emergency can be declared over the complete territory of India or any part thereof.
• President can declare emergency only on the written advice of the cabinet
• A special majority is required to approve an emergency resolution.
• Once approved, emergency shall operate for a maximum period of not more than six months.
• Lok Sabha has the power to disapprove the operation of national emergency at any time, if not less than 1/10th members of Lok Sabha in writing to the speaker, if house is in session, or to the president, then speaker or president as the case may be, shall convene a special session of Lok Sabha within 14 days and if such a resolution is passed, president shall revoke national emergency.

Emergency Provisions are contained in Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India. The President of India has the power to impose emergency rule in any or all the Indian states if the security of part or all of India is threatened by "war or external aggression or armed rebellion".

The Fifth Assembly was constituted on 15 March 1971 after the General Elections held in March 1971. It consisted of 234 elected members of which 42 seats were reserved for Scheduled Castes and 2 for Scheduled Tribes besides one nominated member. Before the expiry of the period of the Assembly, the President by a Proclamation issued on 31 January 1976, under article 356 of the Constitution, dissolved the Fifth Assembly and imposed President's Rule for the first time in Tamil Nadu.

China followed its own path in introducing a market economy”. Four suitable arguments are:- 

a. The Chinese did not go for shock therapy but opened their economy step by step. 

b. The privatization of agriculture began in 1982 and was followed by the privatization of industry in 1998. 

c. Trade barriers were eliminated only in special economic zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises. 

d. In China, the state played and continues to play a central role in setting up a market economy. 

“China followed its own path in introducing a market economy”. Four suitable arguments are:-  a. The Chinese did not go for shock therapy but opened their economy step by step.  b. The privatization of agriculture began in 1982 and was followed by the privatization of industry in 1998.  c. Trade barriers were eliminated only in special economic zones (SEZs) where foreign investors could set up enterprises.  d. In China, the state played and continues to play a central role in setting up a market economy. Read more on Sarthaks.com - https://www.sarthaks.com/292608/china-followed-path-introducing-market-economy-justify-this-statement-suitable-arguments

Vasugupta is regarded by some as the founder of the system of Hindu philosophy known as Advaita Shaivism of Kashmir, or Trika. Vasugupta's Shiva Sutra is an important Yoga text, foundational to the Trika system of Kashmir Shaivism. Kashmiri Shaivism, also called Pratyabhijna (Sanskrit: “Recognition”), religious and philosophical system of India that worships the god Shiva as the supreme reality. The school is idealistic and monistic, as contrasted with the realistic and dualistic school of Shaiva-siddhanta.

(i) To harmonize the interests of national security and economic policy and to prepare strategic and long-term framework of policy and program, NITI Aayog acts as a think tank of the Union Government. 
(ii) By adopting a ‘Bottom-Up Approach’, the NITI Aayog acts in the spirit of cooperative federalism as it ensures equal participation of all states in the country. 

Syndicate was the group of powerful leaders in the Congress Party. Lal Bahadur Shastri and later Indira Gandhi were made Prime Minister with the support received from the Syndicate. This group had a decisive say in Indira Gandhi’s first cabinet and in policy formulation and implementation of the government. After the split in the Congress, the leaders of the Syndicate stayed with the Congress (O) but were defeated n the subsequent General Elections. 

The government suspended the Freedom of the Press and implemented press censorship. Electricity to all the major newspaper offices was disconnected to the next day from Emergency and the newspapers were forced to get prior approval for all material to be published. Many journalists were arrested. Newspapers like the Indian Express and the Statesman protested by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored while magazines like the Seminar and the Mainstream chose to close down while many published through secrecy. 

‘Resource Geopolitics’ is concerned with allocation of distribution of natural resources among the nation states of global arena:
1. It is about who gets what, when, where and how.
2. Inter state rivalry and western geopolitical thinking about resources have been dominated by the relationship of trade, war and power.

At the outset, one must say that globalisation is a controversial issue because it impinges both gains and pains. We will first put forward the arguments favouring globalisation.

i. Globalisation is expected to promote efficiency, productivity and, hence, higher economic growth rate. In a controlled and regulated economy, there is no inducement to the industries to become efficient and self-reliant as these are protected from foreign competition through import restrictions and from domestic competition through industrial licensing. Globalisation has one pillar of liberalisation. Liberalisation and the market principles improve the allocative efficiency of resources. This will increase export earnings, allow the inflow of foreign capital and technology. Industries and farm sector, banking and financial sectors are then exposed to international competition. Competition enhances efficiency, productivity and ultimately a better economic growth rate is likely to be achieved.

ii. As far as consumers are concerned, quality goods at the right price will be delivered. This helps to bring down prices. Quality improvement and price reduction will then be enjoyed.

iii. Foreign capital is attracted. It augurs the advent of multinational enterprises (MNEs) who bring modern up-to-date technology in less developed countries. Not only MNCs bring with them modern technology but also it brings investment funds, organisational structure, managerial culture, distribution network, etc. All these create income and employment in the country.

Arguments Against Globalisation:

i. It is feared that globalisation will promote fierce and unhealthy competition. Instead of competition and cooperation, one may argue that MNCs will swallow the domestic producers of poor backward countries overtime. Ultimately, this will cause concentration of economic and political power into the hands of the foreign business enterprises.

ii. Merely opening up the domestic economy without reaching out to foreign markets or helping industries to meet the global challenges has limited the benefits of globalisation without reducing its costs.

1. Interdependence and globalisation is not possible without the international organisations such as the UN.
2. To enforce cooperation on the issues of poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation, crime rate etc.
3. To provide financial assistance to developing countries to stabilise economy all over the world,, the UN and its specialised agencies are always required.
4. The UN works as a forum to solve any international dispute among nations and sort out the best possible way.
5. Hence, though the UN has failed in preventing related wars and miseries, despite the nations require its continuation due to above mentioned reasons to promote international peace and understanding.

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