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Yogita Ingle 4 years, 10 months ago
Coulomb’s law states that Force exerted between two point charges:
- Is inversely proportional to square of the distance between these charges and
- Is directly proportional to product of magnitude of the two charges
- Acts along the line joining the two point charges.
Here ε0 = 8.854 x 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2is called permittivityof free space.
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Yogita Ingle 4 years, 10 months ago
The refractive index is the measure of bending of a light ray when passing from one medium to another. It can also be defined as the ratio of the velocity of a light ray in an empty space to the velocity of light in a substance, n = c/v.
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Yogita Ingle 4 years, 10 months ago
The phenomenon in which two or more waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater, lower or the same amplitude.
The interference of waves results in the medium taking shape resulting from the net effect of the two individual waves. To better understand, let us consider the example of two pulses of the same amplitude travelling in different directions along with the same medium. Let us consider each displaced upward by 1 unit at its crest and has the shape of a sine wave. As these sine pulses move towards each other, there will be a moment in time when they are completely overlapped. At this point, the shape of the medium would be an upward displaced sine wave with an amplitude of 2 units.
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Yogita Ingle 4 years, 10 months ago
Case 1 - Potential Energy due to two charges : Consider two charges q1 and q2 with position vector r1 and r2 relative to some origin. Consider the charges q1 and q2 initially at infinity and determine the work done by an external agency to bring the charges to the given locations. Suppose, first the charge q1 is brought from infinity to the point vector r1. There is no external field against which work needs to be done, so work done in bringing q1 from infinity to vector r1 is zero. This charge produces a potential in space given by
where r1P is the distance of a point P in space from the location of q1. From the definition of potential, work done in bringing charge q2 from infinity to the point vector r2 is q2 times the potential at vector r2 due to q1:
Work done on q2
where r12 is the distance between points 1 and 2.
Since electrostatic force is conservative, this work gets stored in the form of potential energy of the system. Thus, the potential energy of a system of two charges q1 and q2 is
Obviously, if q2 was brought first to its present location and q1 brought later, the potential energy U would be the same.
Case 2 : Potential Energy due to three charges :
Let us calculate the potential energy of a system of three charges q1, q2 and q3 located at vector r1, r2, r3, respectively. To bring q1 first from infinity to vector r1, no work is required. Next we bring q2 from infinity to vector r2. As before, work done in this step is
The charges q1 and q2 produce a potential, which at any point P is given by
Work done next in bringing q3 from infinity to the point vector r3 is q3 times V1,2 at vector r3
The total work done in assembling the charges at the given locations is obtained by adding the work done in different steps [Eq. (4) and Eq. (6)],
The potential energy is characteristic of the present state of configuration, and not the way the state is achieved.Read more on Sarthaks.com - https://www.sarthaks.com/424469/derive-an-expression-electric-potential-energy-of-a-system-of-charges
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Yogita Ingle 4 years, 10 months ago
Adsorption is a process which involves the accumulation of a substance in molecular species in higher concentration on the surface. If we look at Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen, these gases adsorb on activated charcoal. Meanwhile, we have to note that adsorption is different from absorption. The two processes involve totally different mechanisms.
For the adsorption process, two components are required,
- Adsorbate: Substance which is deposited on the surface of another substance. For example, H2, N2 and O2 gases.
- Adsorbent: Surface of a substance on which adsorbate adsorbs. For example, Charcoal, Silica gel, Alumina.
Posted by Sakshi Yadav 4 years, 10 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 4 years, 10 months ago
| Physical adsorption | Chemical adsorption |
| Weak van der Waals forces are present between adsorbate and adsorbent. | Strong chemical (covalent) bonds are formed between adsorbate and adsorbent. |
| It has low heat of adsorption (20 to 40 kJ/mol). | It has high heat of adsorption (40 to 200 kJ/mol). |
| Multilayers of adsorbed particles are formed. | Monolayer of adsorbed particles is formed. |
| It is not specific in nature. | It is specific in nature. |
Posted by Sanjay Pandey 4 years, 10 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 4 years, 10 months ago
- We already know now that current carrying conductor generates magnetic field around themselves. Biot-Savart law just mathematically states the intensity of this magnetic field at a point.
- According to the Biot-Savart law, magnetic field dBdue to current element idl, at a pointP situated at distancer from the current element idl,is:
i) directly proportional to the current element idl, ii) directly proportional to the sine of the angle (θ) between current element and r, and iii) inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between current element and the point
dB∝idl (sinθ)/r2
dB = (μo/4π)×idl×(sinθ)/r2
dB = idl × r / r3
Here proportionality constant is μo/4π = 10-7Tm/A, and μois the permeability of free space (vacuum)
Posted by Sanjay Pandey 4 years, 10 months ago
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Yogita Ingle 4 years, 10 months ago
- We already know now that current carrying conductor generates magnetic field around themselves. Biot-Savart law just mathematically states the intensity of this magnetic field at a point.
- According to the Biot-Savart law, magnetic field dBdue to current element idl, at a pointP situated at distancer from the current element idl,is:
i) directly proportional to the current element idl, ii) directly proportional to the sine of the angle (θ) between current element and r, and iii) inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between current element and the point
dB∝idl (sinθ)/r2
dB = (μo/4π)×idl×(sinθ)/r2
dB = idl × r / r3
Here proportionality constant is μo/4π = 10-7Tm/A, and μois the permeability of free space (vacuum)
Posted by Piyush Barde 4 years, 9 months ago
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Palak Agrahari 4 years, 10 months ago
1Thank You