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| Amplitude Modulation (AM) | Frequency Modulation (FM) |
| First successful audio transmission was carried out in mid-1870s | Developed in 1930 by Edwin Armstrong, in the United States |
| The radio wave is called as a carrier wave and the frequency and phase remain same | The radio wave is called a carrier wave, but the amplitude and phase remain same. |
| Has poor sound quality, but can transmit longer distance. | Has higher bandwidth with better sound quality |
| The frequency range of AM radio varies from 535 to 1705 KHz | The frequency range of FM is 88 to 108 MHz in higher spectrum |
| More susceptible to noise | Less susceptible to noise. |
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Yogita Ingle 6 years, 10 months ago
Electric Dipole is defined as a couple of opposite charges q and –q, which are at 2a distance apart from each other. When we connect these two charges by a line, the line becomes responsible for the direction of the electric dipole in space. By default, the direction of the dipole is from negative charge –q to positive charge q. Also, the mid-point of q and –q is called Center of the Dipole.
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Gaurav Seth 6 years, 10 months ago
Cyclotron
Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies. It was devised by Lawrence.
Principle
Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged particle moving normal to a magnetic field experiences magnetic lorentz force due to which the particle moves in a circular path.
Construction
It consists of a hollow metal cylinder divided into two sections D1 and D2 called Dees, enclosed in an evacuated chamber (Fig 3.21). The Dees are kept separated and a source of ions is placed at the centre in the gap between the Dees. They are placed between the pole pieces of a strong electromagnet. The magnetic field acts perpendicular to the plane of the Dees. The Dees are connected to a high frequency oscillator.
Working:When a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted from the source, it is accelerated towards the Dee having a negative potential at that instant of time. Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion experiences magnetic lorentz force and moves in a circular path. By the time the ion arrives at the gap between the Dees, the polarity of the Dees gets reversed. Hence the particle is once again accelerated and moves into the other Dee with a greater velocity along a circle of greater radius. Thus the particle moves in a spiral path of increasing radius and when it comes near the edge, it is taken out with the help of a deflector plate (D.P). The particle with high energy is now allowed to hit the target T.
When the particle moves along a circle of radius r with a velocity v, the magnetic Lorentz force provides the necessary centripetal force.
Bqv = (vm2 ) / r
v /r = Bq / m = constant ...(1)
The time taken to describe a semi-circle
t = π r / v (2)
Substituting equation (1) in (2),
t = π m/ Bq .. (3)
It is clear from equation (3) that the time taken by the ion to describe a semi-circle is independent of
(i) the radius (r) of the path and (ii) the velocity (v) of the particle
Hence, period of rotation T = 2t
T = 2 π m / Bq = constant ...(4)
So, in a uniform magnetic field, the ion traverses all the circles in exactly the same time. The frequency of rotation of the particle,
v = 1 /T = Bq / 2 πm .. (5)
If the high frequency oscillator is adjusted to produce oscillations of frequency as given in equation (5), resonance occurs.
Cyclotron is used to accelerate protons, deutrons and α - particles.
Limitations
a. Maintaining a uniform magnetic field over a large area of the Dees is difficult.
b. At high velocities, relativistic variation of mass of the particle upsets the resonance condition.
c. At high frequencies, relativistic variation of mass of the electron is appreciable and hence electrons cannot be accelerated by cyclotron.
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Mannavan J 6 years, 10 months ago
1Thank You