Bye is a privilege given to a team, genre by drawing lots, exempting it from plays first   round.Planning in Sports class 12 Notes Physical Education

Bye:- The advantage given to a team usually by drawing a lot, and exempting it from paying a match in the first round is known as Bye. These are given to a specific number of teams in the first round. The number of byes are decided by subtracting the number of teams from the next higher number which is in power of two’s.

Bye Next Higher No-no of Team [2n-no of teams]

The procedure of giving byes is as follows:

• The first bye is given to last team of lower half.
• The second bye is given to first team of upper half.
• The third bye is given to first team of lower half
• The fourth bye if given to last team of upper half.
• The next bye or byes will be given in the same order as described above.

• Planning Focuses on Achieving Objectives: Every organisation has a set of goals to be achieved. Planning involves setting goals and determining the most economical and viable course of action to achieve the predetermined goals. Thus, planning is purposeful.
• Planning is a Primary Function of Management: It lays down the base for all other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed within the framework of the plans drawn. Thus, it can be said that planning precedes other functions. This is also called the ‘primacy’ of planning.
• Planning is Pervasive: It is required at all levels of management as well as in all the departments of the organisation. It is not a function restricted to top level but it is performed by managers at every level. While the top management forms organisational plans, middle level does departmental planning, and the lower level makes plans for the day-to-day working of the organisation.
• Planning is Continuous: Plans are made for a specific time period. At the end of such tirtie period, new plans have to be drawn. When plans are objective-based and goals are achieved, new plans are drawn with new objectives. On the other hand, if goals are not achieved, plans are revised to achieve success in future.
• Planning is Futuristic: It is essentially looking ahead, as it is based on forecasting and is prepared for the future. The purpose of planning is to me* future events effectively to the best advantage of an organisation. It implies peeping into the future, analysing it and predicting it. Thus, it is a futuristic process.
• Planning Involves Decision-making: Planning is essentially the process of choosing among various alternatives. So, in order to make an effective choice, examination and evaluation of each alternative is necessary.If there is only one possible goal or action, then there is no need for planning. Thus, it is concerned with decision-making.

Sports day:  Sports day is organized in the school once in the year so that the all-round development of children could be done various physical and recreation activities are conducted on sports day it is organized by almost each and every school on sports day every child gets ample opportunities to take part in the activity of there choice. Due to these days, most of the students get experience as an organizer as well as administrator sports day also provide an opportunity to select talent for future.

Health run:  These programmers are organized by health and sports department to raise the standards of health and also to raise funds for charity registration of participants is done in advanced and day and time is fixed there is no age bar. People of any age can take part. There is no competition. These provide significant health benefits. But precautionary 27 measures must be taken before participating i.e. proper sports kit health status of the individual.

Advantages of Knock-out Tournament

• The knock-out tournaments are less expensive because the team, which gets defeated, is eliminated from the competition.
• The knock-out tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of sports, because each team tries to present the best performance to avoid the defeat.
• Owing to less number of matches, it requires less time to complete the tournament.
• Minimum number of officials are required in organising such type of tournaments.

Disadvantages of Knock-out Tournament

• There may be many chances of elimination of good teams in 1st or 2nd round. So, good teams may not reach into the final round.
• There are maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final round.
• Spectators may not have enough interest in the final match.

Seeding

Seeding is done to overcome the drawback of single knock out tournament. Seeding is the procedure by which good teams place din fixtures in such way that stronger teams do not meet each other at very beginning of tournament. Seeding can be done only if the standards of teams are known before the tournament.

Special Seeding

In this form of fixtures the seeded players are brought straight away to quarterfinals or semifinals. Though the method is unfair yet the outstanding players can’t stay for a longer period at a particular place. In this form of draw the other formalities of draws are not taken as seriously as in knock out tournament.

League Tournament It is also known as round robin tournament. In this type of tournament, all teams play against each other team irrespective of winning or losing. The number of matches played in league tournament is calculated by Number of teams.

Disadvantage of league tournament: There are following disadvantage of league tournament: (1) It requires more time. (2) It costs more. (3) The team coming from far and wide generally faces more problems because such tournament wastes their time and money. 4) It requires more arrangement for sports officials and teams. (5) Most of the teams become psychologically down due to their defeat again and again. In such situation, these teams become unable to show good performance. That is why, the spectators do not get proper recreation.

League Tournament It is also known as round robin tournament. In this type of tournament, all teams play against each other team irrespective of winning or losing. The number of matches played in league tournament is calculated by Number of teams.

Disadvantage of league tournament: There are following disadvantage of league tournament: (1) It requires more time. (2) It costs more. (3) The team coming from far and wide generally faces more problems because such tournament wastes their time and money. 4) It requires more arrangement for sports officials and teams. (5) Most of the teams become psychologically down due to their defeat again and again. In such situation, these teams become unable to show good performance. That is why, the spectators do not get proper recreation.

Different committees work together for the smooth conduct of the sports events.The various committees are:

(ì) Technical Committee: This committee is responsible for the technical conduct or the Emmis. This committee selects various officials such as referees, judges, starters, umpires, time keepers etc.

(ii) Transport Committee;This committee is responsible for providing the facilities regarding transportation of various teams If the venue of sports events.

(ììì) Reception Committee: The members of this committee are responsible to welcome the Chief Guest and spectators at opening and closing ceremonies.

(ìv) Boarding and Lodging Committee: This committee is responsible for making necessary arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals to the sportspersons Abel other officials,

(v) Ground and Equipment Committee :This committee males necessary arrangements of equipment related to events.

(vi) Medical and First Aid Committee: This committee i5 Formed to provide medical assistance. e to participants round the clock

(vii) Protest Committee :it’s protest against a judgment, the members of this committee decide about it.

(viii) Publicity Committee: All the press releases and press conferences are conflicted by Who’s committee.

Intramural tournaments are very much important in the field of sports not only to the players but also to the coaches and physical teachers too.  The objectives are as follows :

To provide chances for students to gain leadership skill, professional skills, qualification an even employment opportunity.

To develop social qualities such as tolerance, sympathy, cooperation, group cohesion are developed among the participants during intramural tournament.

To develop national and international integration, Intramural tournament are helpful in developing both national and international integration through unity and brotherhood.

To display there skills through various activities,The participants are given equal opportunity to display what they are good in and participate in it since on the basis of tournament good players are to be selected through observing their performance.

To provide healthy activities for recreation and relaxation from strenuous school work for both students, faculty and even staff members.

To provide mass participation rather than selected competition and have exposure to competition.

To provide safe and attractive environment whereby it is alternative for the utilization of free time with a view of promoting physical, psychological and social well being of the participants and this fosters positive attitudes towards active life style.