Warmups and cool-downs generally involve doing your activity at a slower pace and reduced intensity.

Warming up helps prepare your body for aerobic activity. A warmup gradually revs up your cardiovascular system by raising your body temperature and increasing blood flow to your muscles. Warming up may also help reduce muscle soreness and lessen your risk of injury.

Cooling down after your workout allows for a gradual recovery of preexercise heart rate and blood pressure. Cooling down may be most important for competitive endurance athletes, such as marathoners, because it helps regulate blood flow. Cooling down doesn't appear to help reduce muscle stiffness and soreness after exercise, but more research is needed.

Conditioning is a behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent or more predictable in a given environment as a result of reinforcement, with reinforcement typically being a stimulus or reward for a desired response.

A bonafide and eligible university/college student shall be allowed to participate in Inter College Tournaments not more than two years in a particular class maintaining the same restriction of participation to a period of one year more than the normal length/duration of a degree/course. Foreign students are eligible to participate only in the National Inter-University Tournaments.

Researchers within the Physical Education Research Forum aim to engage in research that enhances our understanding of what effective teaching and learning is so that current policy, practice and professional development can be improved, challenged and even transformed. Sport research is designed to explain the underlying mechanisms about how athletes function. It gives coaches and athletes a way to gain solid information and apply it to sport performance. It helps coaches form beliefs about how to develop programs and coaching techniques.

Newton's laws of motion relate an object's motion to the forces acting on it. In the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. The laws are: (1) Every object moves in a straight line unless acted upon by a force. (2) The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force exerted and inversely proportional to the object's mass. (3) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinesiology and physical education study the role exercise, physical movement and sports play in the development of human health and happiness. They apply sciences like biomechanics, anatomy, physiology and psychology to better understand how the human body responds to physical activity.

To succeed in kinesiology and physical education students should be interested in the benefits and processes related to fitness and physical activity. Students will need to develop strong critical thinking skills in order to think critically about the role of activity as a means to promote health and well-being.

Johnson (1934) experimented with nineteen basketball test items, checking each test for validity and reliability. Two batteries of tests were finally proposed to measure basketball ability. Johnson Basketball Test (cont) • The Three tests are scored as battery by adding the three obtained scores. The total score range was 16 to 68, with the median at 42. Stroup Basketball Test • Francis Stroup used the score made by competing teams as criterion for validating his basketball skill test.

The Five Basic Skills of Basketball

• Dribbling. Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. ...
• Shooting. In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. ...
• Running. Running is a big part of basketball. ...
• Passing. Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete basketball player. ...
• Jumping.

Test and Measurement helps in setting the target or goal according to the need and requirement. ... To evaluate the learners: In the field of physical education and sports, Test and Measurement helps in collection of data which further helps in evaluating the learners ability separately.

 A test is a tool which is used to evaluate the skills, performance and reliability of the task completed by a sports person.  Measurement is about the collection of data about performance or task completed by a sports person by using a test.   

Physical education is a course taught in school that focuses on developing physical fitness and the ability to perform and enjoy day-to-day physical activities with ease.
Aim of physical education, like general education, is to develop human personality in its totality well planned activity programs. 
Objectives of Physical Education - Objectives are steps considered towards the attainment of the aim. They are the particular and precise means employed to realize an aim. 

Amenorrhea  is the absence of menstruation — one or more missed menstrual periods. Women who have missed at least three menstrual periods in a row have amenorrhea, as do girls who haven't begun menstruation by age 15. The most common cause of amenorrhea is pregnancy. In addition to changes in hormone levels, the menstrual cycle can be influenced by stress and illness. Missing one menstrual period is rarely a sign of a serious problem or medical condition, but amenorrhea for several months may be a sign of a disease or chronic condition that can contribute to infertility.

Osteoporosis can be caused due to a variety of reasons such as:

1. Low peak bone mass
2. Low levels of testosterone and estrogen in men and women
3. Imbalanced hormones
4. Hyperthyroidism and other thyroid problems
5. Kidney diseases, anorexia
6. Surgical treatment on ovaries for its removal
7. Low calcium diet
8. Lack of Vitamin D

Osteoporosis prevention begins in childhood, when a bone-healthy diet and plenty of exercise helps children achieve their highest possible 'peak bone mass'. This is important because the more bone mass you have when you reach adulthood, the less likely you are to have weak and breakable bones at older age. Green leafy vegetables: broccoli, kale, collard greens, dried figs, turnip greens, and mustard greens. Fish: canned salmon and sardines with the bones. Nuts: almonds and Brazil nuts. Enriched foods: cereals, orange juice, beverages, and breads that have calcium added to them.

The main sign of amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods. Depending on the cause of amenorrhea, you might experience other signs or symptoms along with the absence of periods, such as:

• Milky nipple discharge
• Hair loss
• Headache
• Vision changes
• Excess facial hair
• Pelvic pain
• Acne

First Aid: First aid is the first help given to the wounded (or) accidental victim before the arrival of the doctor.
Aim: The main aim is of first aid is to try to save the precious life of wounded person.
Objective:
(a) To preserve life
(b) To prevent the condition from worsening 
(c) To alleviate pain and suffering
(d) To promote recovery
(e) To procure early medical aid

Micronutrients are nutrients that are required by the body in lesser amounts for its growth and development. They play a major role in the metabolic activities of the body. These include vitamins and minerals.
 

Types of Micronutrients

Micronutrients, i.e., vitamins and minerals can be divided into the following types:

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Most of the vitamins can be dissolved in water. They are difficult to store in the body and get flushed out in urine when consumed in large quantities. They play an important role in producing energy. Since they are not stored in the body, it is important to take them enough from different food sources.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

These vitamins do not dissolve in water. These are stored in the liver and fatty tissues for future use. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are important fat-soluble vitamins. They play a major role in the proper functioning of the immune system, proper bone development, proper vision, and protection of cells from damage.

A single elimination tournament (also called an Olympic system tournament) or a knock-out tournament is a type of elimination tournament where the loser of each bracket is immediately eliminated from the tournament.

Acute stress and unfavourable environmental factors are the main factors for increasing blood pressure in normal and healthy individuals. The increasing rate of the prevailing condition is mostly blamed on the lifestyle and dietary factors such as inactive habits, high diet sodium content from processed fatty foods, tobacco and alcohol use.