The fifth report was the significant report,it continued shaping our conception for over a century nd a half about the nature nd consequences of East India Company rule in bengal. Rest is in chp-10(theme-3)

John Marshall was the Director General of ASI from 1902 to 1928. In fact, John Marshall’s stint as Director-General of the ASI marked a major change in Indian archaeology. He was the first professional archaeologist to work in India, and brought his experience of working in Greece and Crete to the field. More importantly, though like Cunningham he too was interested in spectacular finds, he was equally keen to look for patterns of everyday life.

Before discussing John Marshall's work we should discuss the general picture of archaeology in India of that time. Most of the archaeologist prior to Marshall was of view that indian civilization started from 6th century BCE and there was this tendency to use written words to guide the archaeological digs. Thus when Cunnigham came across with Harappan artefacts he was not able to understand it and tried very hard to fit it within the time frame he was familiar with (6th - 4th century BCE).

It was much later when Daya Ram Sahni discovered seals which he found in the layer of soil which was way more older than the 6th century BCE. The information began to come and it was Rakhal Das Bannerji who discovered the similarities of the seals discovered from the various sites leading to the conjecture that these sites were part of a single archaeological culture. Based on these finds, in 1924, John Marshall, Director General of the ASI, announced the discovery of a new civilisation in the Indus valley to the world. It was then that the world knew not only of a new civilisation, but also of one contemporaneous with Mesopotamia.

However it was also during Marshall's stints as Director General that lots of context in which artefacts were discovered were lost becuase he ignored the stratigraphy of soil, the mistake which was noted by Wheeler ( next director general). Even then it was during his tenure that Indians were allowed to participate in excavations in their own country. And as S N Roy has said “Marshall left India three thousand years older than he had found her.”

Kabir was a follower of the ' formless' tradition .kabir believed in unquestioned devotiin to the ultimate reality which he called by several names like Allah ,khuda and Hazrat. 1)kabir has drawn inspiration from both islamic and as well as yogic traditions. 2)he rejected ideal worship and polytheism if hindus and advocated monotheism taken from islam . 3)his compositions contained the sufi concepts of zikr and ishq and also the hindu concept of naam- simaran ( rememberence of god). 4)kabir created a group of followers who came from all walks of life especially the lower classes and untouchables. 5)explicit devotion to god is what makes human life worth living.however catching the essence of god what was achtually difficult. 6) kabir did manage to bring about a process of social reform by his egalitarian concept of worship.his followers were drawn from the lower classes and they spread his ideals after his death.

After this non-corporation movement gandhiji became popular in all over india . He was percieved by the peasants. They called him gandhi baba ...gandhi maharaj ...mahatma .. Add more points with reference to your book

Jinnah raised the demand of separate nation to provide autonomy to the muslims and safeguard their rights and privileges.

The american civil war led to a hike in the prices of indian cotton to be transported to Britain. Loans became easily accessible at cheaper rates. However after the civil war ended cotton prices fell considerably adding to the plight of deccan ryots. They felt trapped in a debt trap with no means to paying the loan back.

Inscriptions are writings engraved on hard surfaces such as metal , stone and pottery . Inscriptions records achievements of kings , donations made to the religious institutions etc.

kbar was a great and able ruler. He laid special emphasis on land revenue system. For this purpose he followed the policy initiated by Sher Shah Suri. But this policy had certain defects in it. That’s why Akbar began works from the start. Main features of his land revenue system are given below:
(i)    Following policy initiated by Sher Shah : In the beginning, Akbar followed the policy of land revenue initiated by Sher Shah. During the reign of Sher Shah, average value was determined by measuring agricultural land. It was determined on the average production of produce. Later on Akbar felt that it needed a lot of time to fix market price. It was also a cause of worry for peasants. That’s why Akbar again started policy of yearly assumption.
Determination of Tax : Akbar followed following policies for fixing land revenue:
(a)    Zabti System : This policy was the creation of Raja Todar Mal. Under this system of revenue, tax was fixed by measuring the land. This system was implemented in Gujarat, Lahore, Malwa, Allahabad etc.
(b)    Ten Years System : This system was a developed form of Zabti system. According to this, average of last ten years of production of crops and their value was taken out. One third of that average produce was taken as revenue. This revenue could have been taken in the form of cash or produce.
(c) Batai or Galla Bakshi System: In this system whole of the total produce was divided in the definite proportion among peasant and the state. Honest officials were required for the success of this system.
(d) Nasak or Kankut System : Record of agriculture tax was kept in this system.
(ii)    Measurement of Land : During the reign of Akbar, land was measured with a proper method. With this state the peasant came to know about how much they will have to pay and how much revenue will be collected for the state.
(iii)    Keeping in mind the fertility of the soil : Fertility of the soil was always kept in mind while determining land revenue. That land was called as ‘Polaj’ which was cultivated every year and that land was called as ‘Parauti’ which was not cultivated every year. All in all tax was fixed on the basis of the fertility and the produce.
(v) Facilities of Peasants : Special facilities were also given to peasants in case of famine or drought. They were given certain facilities in paying taxes in case of natural calamity. They were also given loans for tools, implements and animals.

There are so many sample papers please tell me which sample paper will be the best one ?

Yes they are based on chapter in chapter there are sources (in ncert)which we can't read . U can check out in sample papers

Vijayanagara was founded in 1336 AD. Its founders were two brothers called Harihara and Bukka Raya. They founded a city called Vijayanagara on the banks of river Tungabhadra. Gradually this city was transformed into a large Hindu Kingdom.

No, bcoz the three questions come from all the three books i.e. one from each

Yes

There were five major political centre - the capital patliputra and provincial centres of taxila, ujjayini, tosali, suvarnagi Megasthanese mentioned a committee with six sub committee for coordinating military activity One looked after navy, second for transport and provisions, third for foot soldiers, fourth for horses, fifth for chariots and sixth for elephants Second sub committee were rather varied arranging for bullockcarts to carry equipments, procuring food for soldiers and fodder for animals .

1. it was a pictorial script (having pictures) not alphabets 2. there were more than 300 signs 3. it was written from right to left 4. it hasn't been deciphered yet( however efforts are being made)

Pavneet kaur u r best too long on this question

The Mansabdari system was the administrative system of the Mughal Empire introduced by Akbar. The word mansab is of Arabic origin meaning rank or position. The system, hence, determined the rank of a government official. Every civil and military officer was given a ‘mansab’ and different which could be increased by ten were used for ranking officers. It was also meant for fixing the salaries and allowances of officers.The term manasabadar means a person (in old times) who has a positioning or ranking of a government. It was a system whereby nobles were granted the rights to hold a jagir, which meant revenue assignments (not land itself) for services rendered by them but the authority bestowed upon them was not unbridled but with the direct control of these nobles in the hands of the king. Abul Fazl has mentioned 66 grades of mansabdars but in practice there were not more than 33 mansabs. During the early reign of Akbar, the lowest grade was ten and the highest was 12,000. Higher mansabs were given to princes and Rajput rulers who accepted the suzerainty of the emperor.The main feature of this was mansab or office a person held and it was approved by the emperor. HISTORY The system was common to both the military and the civil department and is believed to have originated in Mongolia. It was prevalent during the reign of Babur and Humayun as well. Akbar made important changes to the system and made it more efficient. The 'mansab' of a noble implied the following: (a) Salary of the officer (b) Status of the officer (c) Number of soldiers, horses and elephants etc., maintained by an officer. Two grades delineated the mansabdars. Those mansabdars whose rank was one thousand or below were called the Amir, while those above 1,000 were called the Amiral Kabir (Great Amir). Some great Amirs whose ranks were above 5,000 were also given the title of Amir-al Umara (Amir of Amirs). Thanks for reading !

U can get this answer on (zigya) app download it and don,t get panic u can solve it calm down. An all the best ??

You have to explain the spread of islam and its principles in india.

Read questions of this chapter from last 10 year question paper it wil be easier for you to answer all the question and ever you can score good in board exams . All the best..... I hope it will be helpful for you?

If you want to answer all the questions then you would obviously have to read the chapter. Otherwise a quick summary of imp points and a utube video can help.

Al Biruni Al biruni was born in khwarizm in present day Uzbekistan in 973 A.D. He was well versed in Sanskrit, Persia ,syriac , Arabic and hebrew. Although he did not knew greek . In 1017 when sultan mahmud invaded khwarizm , he took several poets and scholars back to his capital Ghazni Al biruni was one of them . And there Al biruni developed a interest for india and spend the rest of his life in india until his death (70 yrs) . Kitab ul hind Kitab ul hind was written by Al biruni in Arabic language. It is simple , lucid and voluminous text divided into 80 chapters on subjects such as alchemy , weights and measures , social life , manners and customs , laws and metrology . He intended his work for peoples living on the frontiers of the subcontinent .

(a)    According to local tradition, temple halls sheltered the monkey kingdom of Vali and Sugriva mentioned in the Ramayana. Other traditions suggest that Pampadevi, the local mother goddess did penance in these halls in order to marry Virupaksha, the guardian diety of the kingdom, also recognised as a form of Shiva.

(b)    Temple building in the region had a long history, going back to dynasties such as the Pallavas, Chalukyas, Hoysalas and Cholas. Rulers very often encouraged temple building as a means of associating themselves with the divine — often, the deity was explicity or implicity identified with the king. Temples also functioned as centres of learning.

(c)    It is likely that the very choice of the site of Vijayanagara was inspired by the existence of the shrines of Virupaksha and Pampadevi. In fact the Vijayanagara kings claimed to rule on behalf of the god Virupaksha. All royal orders were signed “Shri Virupaksha”, usually in the Kannada script.

(d)    In terms of temple architecture, by this period certain new features were in evidence. These included structures of immense scale that must have been a mark of imperial authority, best exemplified by the raya gopurams or royal gateways that often dwarfed the towers on the central shrines, and signalled the presence of the temple from a great distance. They were also probably meant as reminders of the power of kings, able to command the resources, techniques and skills needed to construct these towering gateways. Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions and long, pillared corridors that often ran around the shrines within the temple complex.

(e)    The halls in the temple were used for a variety of purposes. Some were spaces in which the images of gods were placed to witness special programmes of music, dance, drama, etc. Others were used to celebrate the marriages of deities, and yet others were meant for the deities to swing in.

It was th most complete ancient system as yet discovered.2.very long drainage channel system.3 mortar is set in the middle covered with loose bricks because loose brick can be removed for cleaning.4 in some cases limestone are used as covers.5 very long drainage channel at interval with sumps for cleaning.6 every house is connected to the street drain.

1.he established a committee 2.clear many burial ghats and markets

Mahabharata is an epic narrated by VedVyas. It is drawn on the idea of a feud between the pandavas and kauravs for the throne of Hastinapur. In this war the pandavas with the help of lord Krishna emerged victorious and wiped off the entire kaurav clan. It was the greatest war ever fought on the soil of India.