There are several kinds of stupas, round and tall, big and small, and these have certain common features. These areThere is a small box placed at the centre or heart of the stupa which may contain bodily remains (such as teeth, bone or ashes) of the Buddha or his followers, or things they used, as well as precious stones and coins.The box known as relic casket was covered with earth.Later, a layer of mud brick or baked brick was added on top and then the dome-like structure was sometimes covered with carved stone slabs.Often, a path, known as the pradakshina patha, was laid around the stupa, which was surrounded with railings.

The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

Archaeologist reconstructs the past by a study of the artefacts which they unearth such as stamps, coins, remains of buildings, clay, pots or burnt grains. Archaeologists excavate ancient sites. They try to find out about the lifespan of people by studying various unearthed artefacts such as- remains of houses, pots, jewellery, coins, agricultural tools, weighs etc. Archaeologists also try to find about the social or economic difference by studying the graves of people. If the burial consists of pottery and ornaments, it indicates that people during that time believed in after life. 

Mosque is regarded as the basis of Islamic religious life. It has an open compound and pillars on all sides. The roof stands on all these pillars. In the middle of the compound, there is a pond, which is artificially made. Here, devotees can take bath or wash themselves before offering Namaz. Some special architectural features of Mosque are:

1. Mosque has orientation towards Mecca. It makes evident in the placement of the mihrab (prayer niche) and the minbar (pulpit).
2. Mosque blends a universal faith with local traditions. In Kerala, we find the shikhara like roof and in Bangladesh, we find dome like roof. In Kashmir we find the Shah Hamadan mosque which is the best example of Kashmiri wooden architecture, decorated with paper mache.

The economic history of India is the story of India's evolution from a largely agricultural and trading society to a mixed economy of manufacturing and services while the majority still survives on agriculture. Prior to 1947 that history encompasses the economy of the Indian subcontinent, corresponding to the modern nations of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh.

This history begins with the Indus Valley Civilization (3300–1300 BC), whose economy appears to have depended significantly on trade. Around 600 BC, the Mahajanapadas minted punch-marked silver coins. The period was marked by intensive trade activity and urban development. By 300 BC, the Maurya Empire had united most of the Indian subcontinent. The resulting political unity and military security allowed for a common economic system and enhanced trade and commerce, with increased agricultural productivity.

The Maurya Empire was followed by classical and early medieval kingdoms, including the Cholas, Guptas, Western Gangas, Harsha, Palas, Rashtrakutas and Hoysalas. During this period, Between 1 CE and 1000 CE, the Indian subcontinent is estimated to have accounted for one-third, to one-fourth of the world's population, and product, though GDP per capita was stagnant. India experienced per capita GDP growth in the high medieval era after 1000, during the Delhi Sultanate, but was not as productive as 15th century Ming China. After most of the subcontinent was reunited under the Mughal Empire, the empire became the largest economy by 1700, producing about a quarter of global GDP, before fragmenting, and being conquered over the century.[1][2] According to the Balance of Economic Power, India had the largest and most advanced economy for most of the interval between the 1st century and 18th century, the most of any region for a large part of the last two millennia.[3]

During the Mughal Empire, India was the world leader in manufacturing, producing 25% of the world's industrial output up until the mid-18th century, prior to British rule.

Shaman is a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and evil spirits, especially among some peoples of northern Asia and North America. Typically such people enter a trance state during a ritual, and practise divination and healing.

In Harappan Civilisation, a variety of materials was used for craft production. These were as follows:

1. Clay was locally available, but stone, timber and metal had to be procured from outside.
2. Raw materials were also collected from Khetri region of Rajasthan (for copper) and South India (for gold).
3. Recent archaeological finds suggest that copper was probably brought from Oman. The fact was also supported by Mesopotamian texts.
4. Probably Harappan Civilisation was connected with Oman, Bahrain or Mesopotamia by sea.