Archaeological sources of the Harappan Civilization include abandoned Harappan sites and their buildings, artifacts such as seals with inscriptions that were used to stamp clay with Harappan script and pictograms, and statuary. The Indus people were greatly reliant on trade. They traded with many different civilizations like Persia, Mesopotamia and China. They were also known to trade in the Arabian Gulf region, central parts of Asia, portions of Afghanistan and northern and western India.

Standard weights and measures were developed by the Indus Valley Civilization. The centralised weight and measure system served the commercial interest of Indus merchants as smaller weight measures were used to measure luxury goods while larger weights were employed for buying bulkier items, such as food grains etc.

Maraka merchants conducted long-distance trade through the medium of caravans or canoes, depending on the direction of their trade.

In trade, barter (derived from baretor) is a system of exchange where participants in a transaction directly exchange goods or services for other goods or services without using a medium of exchange, such as money.Goods were exchanged for food, tea, weapons, and spices. At times, human skulls were used as well. Salt was another popular item exchanged. Salt was so valuable that Roman soldiers' salaries were paid with it.

The Indus River Valley Civilization is a Theocracy government and a Theocracy is run by a priest so there government and religion were combined. In the Indus River Valley karma played a very big role in their laws. The Indus Valley civilization was doing its best between 2600 and 1900 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak.

The writer of Mahabharata was Ganesha; but the events were narrated to him by Vyasa. So this makes Vyasa the actual author of Mahabharata. Valmiki Ramayana (the original) : Ramayana was first written by Valmiki more than 2000 years ago in Sanskrit.

The definition of epic is something that refers to a heroic story or something that is heroic or grand. An example of epic is a big production movie with story sequels such as the Star Wars series. In literature, an epic is a long narrative poem, which is usually related to heroic deeds of a person of an unusual courage and unparalleled bravery. In order to depict this bravery and courage, the epic uses grandiose style.

The various features of Harrappan culture are given below:

1. This civilization is extended far beyond the Indus Valley. The main towns of Indus valley civilization were Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Kalibangan, Lothal.

2. The significant features of Indus Valley civilization are personal cleanliness, town planning, construction of burnt-brick houses, ceramics, casting, forging of metals, manufacturing of cotton and woolen textiles.

3. Mohenjo-Daro people had finest bath facilities, drainage system, and knowledge of personal hygiene.

4. They were equally conscious of plant medicine since there was occasional warfare.

5. The town planning and other characteristics indicate that a homogeneous indigenous culture developed.

6. The portrayal of a three-faced figure surrounded by various animals has been considered as Shiva in the form of Pasupati or Brahma, the originator of Brahmi School of learning.

7. The seal has been available in the stupa area that is generally believed as college area. Computer study of the available seals has been started in different centers.

8. The naksatras are of Harappan origin and these are related to later Dravidian names.

9. Application of decimal scale in linear measure is another very important achievement of the Harappans.

10. They had perhaps a fairly good idea of lunar astronomy, as envisaged from some of the seals since they were very much attached to navigation and fire worship as found in Kalibangan.

11. The rectangular bath at each of the Harappan sites was considered a holy place.

12. The Harappan people could prepare painted potteries of burnt clay, glazed potteries faience, terracotta, etc. The glazing of potteries is believed to be of Indian origin.

13. The cities were supported by both trade and agriculture. The foundations of well-planned shipyards at Kalibangan and Lothal and granaries at all these main Harappan sites indicate how important they were in the economy of that time.

14. Certain medicated and contemplative postures of the people, available among terracotta figurines suggest that they also developed the science of physical and mental discipline to a high degree.

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The Mauryan Empire was divided into four provinces, each governed by the Kumara, who served as the king's representative. Emperor Ashoka maintained a massive standing army to protect the Mauryan Empire and instill stability and peace across West and South Asia. The chief political center of the empire was Pataliputra (Patna, Bihar). At least four other regional centers of administration at Tosali (Dhauli, Odisha), Takshasila (Taxila, Pakistan), Ujjayini (Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh) and Suvarnagiri (Andhra Pradesh) were mentioned in Asoka's edicts.

Megalithic means structures made of such large stones, put together without the use of mortar or cement. These structures were built mainly in the Neolithic period. They continued to be built into the Bronze Age. Some were built even earlier in the Mesolithic period. The construction of megalithic monuments also signifies a level of permanence or sedentary lifestyle within the region. The level of effort that has been exerted in the manufacture of such monuments reflects their significance or in turn, the importance of ritualistic and symbolic behaviour within society.

Prabhavati Gupta was the daughter of one of the most important rulers in early Indian history, Chandragupta II (c. 375-415 CE). She was married into another important ruling family, that of the Vakatakas, who were powerful in the Deccan. According to Sanskrit legal texts, women were not supposed to have independent access to resources such as land. However, the inscription indicates that Prabhavati had access to land, which she then granted. This may have been because she was a queen (one of the few known from early Indian history), and her situation was therefore exceptional. It is also possible that the provisions of legal texts were not uniformly implemented. The inscription also gives us an idea about rural populations – these included Brahmanas and peasants, as well as others who were expected to provide a range of produce to the king or his representatives. And according to the inscription, they would have to obey the new lord of the village, and perhaps pay him all these dues.

The list below provides you with the names of 16 mahajanapadas:

1. Kasi
2. Kosala
3. Anga
4. Magadha
5. Vajji
6. Malla
7. Chedi
8. Vatsa
9. Kuru
10. Panchala
11. Matsya
12. Surasena
13. Assaka
14. Avanti
15. Gandhara
16. Kamboja

Archaeological sources are the main sources of the Harappan Civilisation. Two important sources of the Harappa Civilisation are:
The Great Bath

• The Great Bath discovered at Mohenjo-daro revealed that the people had attained a high level of perfection in the art of building.
• It has been suggested that the Great Bath was used for bathing during religious ceremonies.
• It is also suggested that perhaps a hierarchal structure existed in a society where the ruling class collected taxes to build structures for public use.

Seals

• About 2,000 seals were discovered from the sites of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.
• Most of these seals were rectangular and square in shape. They bear the images of one-horned bull, goat, tiger, elephant and rhinoceros.
• These seals reveal the trade, religious beliefs and script of the people. The seal with an image of pashupati show that perhaps people believed in lord Shiva.
• Seals also tell us about the trading practices of the period. The discovered seals show that the Harappans were trading with other civilisations as many Harappan seals were found in Mesopotamia.

1. There are some who says that it was a single state because of the uniformity in bricks and town planning.

2. Others believe that there was no single ruler rather there was several, for example one in mohenjodaro, one in Harappa etc.                   

It was in the Lahore session of 1929 when the president of Congress party-Nehru declared 26th January ,1930 as the date when India will get complete freedom or "Purna Swaraj".It was decided that 26th January would be celebrated as Independence Day,but unfortunately we got our actual freedom on 15th august,1947.Hence this session was of great importance in India's history of freedom struggle.

The Salt March was notable for at least three reasons.

First, it was this event that first brought Mahatma Gandhi to world attention. The march was widely covered by the European and American press.

Second, it was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. The socialist activist Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay had persuaded Gandhiji not to restrict the protests to men alone. Kamaladevi was herself one of numerous women who courted arrest by breaking the salt or liquor laws.

Third, and perhaps most significant, it was the Salt March which forced upon the British the realisation that their Raj would not last forever, and that they would have to devolve some power to the Indians.