The Indus Valley Civilisation was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, and in its mature form from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. The civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro (Mohenjodaro), near the Indus River in the Sindh (Sind) region. Both sites are in present-day Pakistan, in Punjab and Sindh provinces, respectively. Mohenjo-daro was discovered in 1922 by R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India, two years after major excavations had begun at Harappa, some 590 km to the north.

Ordinary people of this empire spoke different languages and followed different religious traditions.

There were some small traders and local merchants use to live in cities, trade centres, port towns and villages. Local communities of merchants known as kudirai chettis or horse merchants participated in exchanges.

Pensants, workers, slaves etc. were including in ordinary people. There were ordinary Brahmanas, traders and women also. Different odd works and jobs were taken by ordinary people as a labourer.

The workers were called ‘Vipravinodin’. This class consisted of ironsmiths, goldsmiths, carpenters, sculpture-makers etc. who often quarrelled mutually for their rights. The Vellore inscription of 1555 tells that there was a quarrel between the peasants and the artists. It seems that during that period, need was felt to frame laws for the society to execute social justice.

The Teachings of Buddha:

• According to Buddhism, the w’orld is transient (anicca) and constantly changing and it is also soulless (anatta). Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence.
• Buddha emphasised individual agency and righteous action as the means to escape from the cycle of rebirth and attain self-realisation and nibbana.

Followers of the Buddha:

• Buddha founded a ‘Sangha’, an organisation of monks who became teachers of ‘dhamma’. As they lived on alms, they were known as ‘bhikkhus’.
• Later women also entered the ‘Sangha’ and were known as bhikkhuni. Buddha’s foster mother, Mahapajapati Gotami was the first woman to become ‘bhikkhuni’. Buddha’s followers included kings, wealthy men, gahapatis and also ordinary people like workers, slaves and craft people.
• Buddhism appealed to many people dissatisfied with existing religious practices and confused by the rapid social changes taking place around them.

The Growth of Buddhism

i.Buddhism grew rapidly both during the lifetime of the Buddha and after his death. 
ii.It appealed to many people dissatisfied with existing religious practices and confused by the rapid social changes taking place around them.
iii.The importance attached to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on birth, the emphasis placed on metta(fellow feeling) and karuna(compassion), especially for those who were younger and weaker than oneself, were ideas that drew men and women to Buddhist teachings.
iv.Buddhism grew due to Buddhist text-Tipitaka (the VinayaPitaka, SuttaPitaka, AbhidhammaPitaka), the Dipavamsa&Mahavamsa, Ashokavadana, Jatakas and Buddhist hagiography.
v.Buddhist Sanghas, Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis spread the message.
vi.Stupas
vii.Ashokan pillars and inscriptions
viii.Dhamma–mahamattas
ix.Buddhist sects –Hinayana and Mahayana
x.Support of Rulers
xi.Foreign pilgrims

John Marshall (September 24, 1755 July 6,1835) was an America politician and lawyer who served as the fourth chief justice of united states from 1801 to 1835. Marshall remains the longest- serving chief justice and fourth- longest serving justice in supreme court history, and he is widely regarded as one of most influential justice to ever sit on the supreme court.

Many of the Harappan cities were divided into two or more parts. The part to the west was smaller but higher as compared to other parts. This part small and high part of the cities is described as citadel.

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Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, known best as simply Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Born: 6 March 1475, Caprese Michelangelo, Italy Died: 18 February 1564, Rome, ItalyFull name: Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti SimoniAlthough Michelangelo bellyached aplenty about deprivation and has often been cast as somewhat poor, he died in 1564 with the modern equivalent of tens of millions of dollars, according to the professor, Rab Hatfield, an American who teaches at the Syracuse University program in Florence.Although Michelangelo bellyached aplenty about deprivation and has often been cast as somewhat poor, he died in 1564 with the modern equivalent of tens of millions of dollars, according to the professor, Rab Hatfield, an American who teaches at the Syracuse University program in Florence.

Michelangelo, in full Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, (born March 6, 1475, Caprese, Republic of Florence [Italy]—died February 18, 1564, Rome, Papal States), Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, known best as simply Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet of the High Renaissance born in the Republic of Florence, who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. 

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is a prime example of a Renaissance man. He was a painter, sculptor, humanist, scientist, architect, philosopher, engineer, and more. He was considered a universal genius by many.

A tithe is a one-tenth part of something, paid as a contribution to a religious organization or compulsory tax to government. Today, tithes are normally voluntary and paid in cash or cheques, whereas historically tithes were required and paid in kind, such as agricultural produce. Tithe was a religious tax levied on christians and muslims. The amount which was ordered to be donated was 10% or 1/10 of annual earnings of an individual or an institutions. With the end of influence of Church in political affairs the practice was abolished in the second half of the 17th century.

Due to socio-economic and political changes, Western Europe society was divided into three orders between the ninth and sixteenth centuries. After the fall of the Roman Empire, many groups of Germanic People occupied the regions of Italy, Spain and France.

The three orders are three social categories: Christian priests, landowning nobles and peasants.The term ‘feudalism’ has been used by historians to describe the economic, legal, political and social relationships that existed in Europe in the medieval era.

The Dome of the Rock was the first Muslim masterpiece built in 687 A.D., half a century after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. This monument is a major theme in Islamic art, whose fundamental purpose is to express the faith revealed in the Qur'an. The Dome was used as church until a Muslim army recaptured Jerusalem in 1187. In modern times the original purpose of the Dome of the Rock remains a source of debate. It is commonly held that the Dome commemorates the Miʿrāj, the Prophet Muhammad's ascension into heaven.

Islamic laws gave tax concessions to people who brought land under cultivation. Land under cultivation expanded which resulted in increased productivity. Many new crops were grown and even exported to Europe (examples: cotton, oranges, bananas, watermelons, spinach and brinjals). Between the years 661- 750 all Caliphs were from Umayyad dynasty. Following factors enabled Umayyads to coming into power. With the territorial expansion, the Umma unity was broken up. ... After his assassination Ali became the fourth Caliph.

Males married in their late twenties or early thirties; while women were married in the late teens or early twenties. There was an age gap between husband and wife. The Twelve Tables (aka Law of the Twelve Tables) was a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE. They were the beginning of a new approach to laws where they would be passed by government and written down so that all citizens might be treated equally before them.

Ans: The emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main ‘players’ in the political history of the empire.

Explanation:

To sum up, the emperor, the aristocracy and the army were the three main ‘players’ in the political history of the empire. The success of individual emperors depended on their control of the army, and when the armies were divided, the result usually was civil war*. Except for one notorious year (69 CE), when four emperors mounted the throne in quick succession, the first two centuries were on the whole free from civil war and in this sense relatively stable. Succession to the throne was based as far as possible on family descent, either natural or adoptive, and even the army was strongly wedded to this principle. For example, Tiberius (14-37 CE), the second in the long line of Roman emperors, was not the natural son of Augustus, the ruler who founded the Principate, but Augustus adopted him to ensure a smooth transition. External warfare

Question
When did ancient town begin to flourish in Mesopotamia?
A n s w e r;
The ancient town flourished in Mesopotamia dated back to bronze age, i.e. c. 3000 BCE.

The early urbanization developed in Mesopotamia. It did not happen in the agriculturally fertile north-east rather it happened in the south. We have read that a city develops as a result of interdependencies among people for various economic activities. This only happens when people cease to be self-sufficient in terms of economic activities. It was not possible in naturally fertile land where food production could be the only or main economic activity. Examples of many earliest cities give concrete proof for this. So, it is said that it was not natural fertility and high levels of food production which were the causes of early urbanization.

Lords owned the serfs who lived on their lands. In exchange for a place to live, serfs worked the land to grow crops for themselves and their lord. In addition, serfs were expected to work the farms for the lord and pay rent.

Serfs are just one class of commoner, or peasant, in the Middle Ages. The English classes detailed below are more or less like most commoners in other kingdoms. Each had different rights and obligations.

A serf is, legally, a slave and a possession of his lord who has no rights beyond his lord’s generosity. A serf had to work his life away doing the hard labor of providing for his lord. He plowed, reaped, threshed, chopped wood, herded animals, fixed implements, built structures, and anything else demanded. A serf had no rights or other obligations, and could not even go to court to get some respite if his lord was cruel and evil.

Is it on Jerusalem?

Dome of the Rock, Arabic Qubbat al-Ṣakhrah, shrine in Jerusalem built by the Umayyad caliph ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān in the late 7th century ce. It is the oldest extant Islamic monument. The rock over which the shrine was built is sacred to both Muslims and Jews.

The Battle of Camel was fought between Ali’s supporters and army led by Muhammad’s wife Aisha in 657.

What does the Bible depict about flood?
Answer:
According to the Holy book of Christian, i.e. the Bible, the flood was meant to destroy all forms of life on the earth. However, God chose a human being Noah to ensure that life must go on after the flood.

Newton’s I law of motion: An object remains in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force.
Newton’s II law of motion: The rate of change of momentum of an object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of the-force.
Newton’s III law of motion: To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction and they act on two different bodies.

Who was the John Marshall in300words

John Marshall was director general of ASl, appointed in 1901. In 1924,he announced the discovery of Indus Valley Civilization.

John Marshall was an archaeologist.

He announced the discovery of a new civilization i.e. Indus Valley Civilization/ Harappa culture

Can u give me some more answers for this questions

a) The Growth of Buddhism

i.Buddhism grew rapidly both during the lifetime of the Buddha and after his death. 
ii.It appealed to many people dissatisfied with existing religious practices and confused by the rapid social changes taking place around them.
iii.The importance attached to conduct and values rather than claims of superiority based on birth, the emphasis placed on metta(fellow feeling) and karuna(compassion), especially for those who were younger and weaker than oneself, were ideas that drew men and women to Buddhist teachings.
iv.Buddhism grew due to Buddhist text-Tipitaka (the VinayaPitaka, SuttaPitaka, AbhidhammaPitaka), the Dipavamsa&Mahavamsa, Ashokavadana, Jatakas and Buddhist hagiography.
v.Buddhist Sanghas, Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis spread the message.
vi.Stupas
vii.Ashokan pillars and inscriptions
viii.Dhamma–mahamattas
ix.Buddhist sects –Hinayana and Mahayana
x.Support of Rulers
xi.Foreign pilgrims

b)  

Upon the death of Gautama Buddha in 400 BC, Buddhism divided into two sects: Mahayana and Hinayana

The Mahayana sect, which means ‘Great Vehicle’ in Sanskrit, believed in the divinity of the Buddha. The sect encouraged idol worship in Buddhism

The Hinayana sect, meaning ‘Small Vehicle’ in Sanskrit, did not believe in the divinity of the Buddha. It stressed on individual salvation through self-discipline and mediation.

Mahayana

Mahayana Buddhism consider Gautama Buddha to be a divine being who will help his followers to attain nirvana

Followers of Mahayana Buddhism can be found in China, (South) Korea, Japan and Tibet

Scriptures of Mahayana Buddhism were written Sanskrit

The three bodies of a Buddha are accepted in Mahayana Buddhism. They are as follows:   Nirmanakaya Sambhogakaya Dharmakaya

The ten-far reaching attitude in Mahayana is as follows:   Generosity Self-Discipline Patience Perseverance Mental Stability Wisdom Skills in Means Aspirational Prayers Strengthening Deep Awareness

In Mahayana Buddhism, immeasurable joy is the wish that others have the joy of unending enlightenment

Mahayana Buddhism began to flourish around 500 BC