Ans.

1. The Paharias were people who resided in the areas around the Rajmahal hills and practiced shifting agriculture.
2. They grew a variety of pulses and millets for consumption and collected forest produce like mahua flowers, resin and silk cocoons for sale.
3. They resisted outside interference and their chiefs maintained unity amongst them and led them into battles with other hill tribes and people in the plain.
4. They also raided the plains in the times of scarcity.
5. The Zamindars and the traders paid them tribute money to pacify them.

Ans. These points are the reason for regarding Mauryan Emperor as a major landmark in the early Indian history

1. When historians began reconstructing early Indian history in the nineteenth century, the emergence of the Mauryan Empire was regarded as a major landmark. Mauryan Empire ruled India for about 150 years. It extended control as far northwest as Afghanistan and Baluchistan and in the south up to Andhra Pradesh.
2. Some of the archaeological finds associated with the Mauryas, including stone sculpture, were considered to be examples of the spectacular art typical of empires.
3. Many of these historians found the message on Asokan inscriptions very different from that of most other rulers, suggesting that Asoka was more powerful, industrious and humble than later rulers who adopted grandiose titles.
4. So the nationalist leaders in the twentieth century regarded Asoka as an inspiring figure.

Ans. It was composed under the leadership of a noted Indian Sanskritist, V.S. Sukthankar.

The elements considered:

1. They selected the verses that appeared common to most versions.
2. There were several common elements in the Sanskrit versions of the story, evident in manuscripts found all over the subcontinent.
3. When issues of social history were explored for the first by historians in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, they tended to take these texts at face value-believing that everything that was laid down in these text was actually practiced.
4.  The studies indicated that the ideas contained in normative Sanskrit texts were, on the whole, recognized as authoritative: they were also questioned and occasionally even rejected.

1/3 is the probability of having atleast one boy

Al biruni was born in 973 C.E in khwarizm and he wrote a book in arabic kitab-ul-hind..

Ans. There are some ideas of Karl Marx.

You can state any two of following.

• Surplus was appropriated by the State.
• It was a emergence of thesociety that was composed of large number of large and Autonomous and Egalitarian village communities.
• The imperial court presided over these village communities respecting the Autonomy as long as flow of the surplus was unimpended. 
• This was considerd as stagnant system.

Nineteenth-century Europeans were very interested in the stupa at Sanchi, because:

• The ruins of the most wonderful ancient buildings at Sanchi Kanakhera appear to be the object of great interest to the Europeans
• In fact, the French sought Shahjehan Begum’s permission to take away the eastern gateway, which was the best preserved, to be displayed in a museum in France.
• For a while some Englishmen also wanted to do the same, but fortunately both the French and the English were satisfied with carefully prepared plaster-cast copies and the original remained at the site, part of the Bhopal state.

Europeans were keen interested in taking away the eastern gateway as they wanted to preserve it and to display it in a museum.

it gives us more knowledge from krishna who gives the answer to all questions of all including arjuna bheeshma etc....