A pack animal or 'beast of burden' is a working animal used by humans as means of transporting materials by attaching them, so their weight bears on the animal's back. 
Horses, donkeys and mules are used as beasts of burden for transporting men and material on their back and in the carts. 

Theory of demographic transition suggests that population growth in linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. Low population growth in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward.

Humanisation of Nature:  With the passage of time, humans began to understand their natural surroundings and the forces of nature. As humans began to form social groups and settled at a place, they developed new and efficient means of technology which helped them to use natural resources. Humans create possibilities with the resources obtained from nature. For example, they create orchards and entertainment resorts near adventurous places.

The Ruhr, also referred to as Ruhr district, Ruhr region, Ruhr area or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population density of 2,800/km² and a population of over 5 million, it is the largest urban area in Germany and the second largest in the European Union. The Ruhr Valley is important to Germany's economy for its quality farmland and its natural resources of coal and iron. The Ruhr Area (German: Ruhrgebiet) is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Many of the cities in the Ruhrgebiet used to have a lot of heavy industry. The Ruhr Area is bordered by the rivers Ruhr River to the south, Rhine River to the west, and Lippe to the north.

Traditional large scale industries are mostly heavy industries located near coal fields and involved in metal smelting, heavy engineering, chemical manufacturing or textile production. Their features are high employment, high density of housing but poor services, unattractive environment, pollution and waste heaps. The term "large-scale industry" refers to factories that combine at least three characteristics: use of machinery, employment of wage labor, and the application of regulatory measures such as the Factory Act or Disputes Act. The traditional industries of India include handloom, handicrafts, coir, cashew,beedi, tiles and bricks and other household industrial activities carried out in the rural parts of the country. They are labour intensive and rely on skills passed on from one generation to another generation.

A. ON THE BASIS OF SIZE, CAPITAL LABOUR FORCE

1. Large, 2. Medium 3.small 4. Cottage

B. ON THE BASIS OF OWNERSHIP

1. Public 2. private 3. Joint 4.coperative

C. ON THE BASIS OF PRODUCT

1. Basic 2. Capital 3. Intermediate 4. Consumer industries

D. ON THE BASIS OF RAW MATERIALS

1. Agro based 2. Forest  3. Mineral 4. Industrially processed

E. NATURE OF PRODUCT 1. Metallurgical 2. Mechanical 3. Chemical 4. Textile 5. Food processing 6. 7.electricity generation 8. Electronics 9. Communication

Specialization of skills/methods of production.
1. Mechanization
2. Technological innovations.
3. Organizational Structure & Stratification.
4. Uneven geographic Distribution.

Manufacturing is the making of goods by hand or by machine that upon completion the business sells to a customer. Items used in manufacture may be raw materials or component parts of a larger product. The manufacturing usually happens on a large-scale production line of machinery and skilled labor. Three common types of manufacturing production processes are make to stock (MTS), make to order (MTO) and make to assemble (MTA). Such strategies have advantages and disadvantages in labor costs, inventory control, overhead, customization, and the speed of production and filling orders. A factory engaged in the manufacture of clothing. The definition of manufacture is the process of making items from raw materials. An example of manufacture is the making of automobiles in factories.

Industries which are involved in making more valuable and useful goods from the products of primary activites such as agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining are called secondary activities. Manufacturing of cloth from cotton; sugar from sugarcane etc. are the examples of secondary activities.
They are called secondary activities because they process and manufacture the primary products into secondary products, thus they represents the secondary stage of activities.

Human beings were able to develop proper technology using his knowledge and intelligence. It has taken man a long time to reach at the present level of technology. In primitive age when the level of technology was very low man was bound to follow the dictates of nature. In those times man was a slave of nature, scared of its powerful force and used to worship nature to make it happy. In these conditions the state of cultural development was also primitive. However, the process was gradual but man developed technology and it is also to be noted that man has been able to utilise this technology only after understanding the various laws of nature. For example; understanding of laws of friction gave birth to many inventions. Similarly after understanding secrets of DNA and laws of genetics, man has overcome many diseases and aeroplanes could be invented only after understanding the laws of aerodynamics.Today the level of technology is touching the heights of sky through which man seems to get free from the natural forces. Earthquake, cyclones, landslides, volcanoes and other natural disasters keep reminding man that he is still a slave to nature.. Technology helped in reducing the harshness of labour, increased labour efficiency and provided leisure to human beings to attend to the higher needs of life. It also increased the scale of production and the mobility of labour.

Human geography or anthropogeography is the branch of geography that deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across space and place. Some examples of human geography include urban geography, economic geography, cultural geography, political geography, social geography, and population geography. Human geographers who study geographic patterns and processes in past times are part of the subdiscipline of historical geography. Human geography is a wide-ranging discipline that draws together many of the strands important for understanding the world today. It examines human societies and how they develop, their culture, economy and politics, all within the context of their environment.

Chandigarh is India's first planned city and is known for its layout, which was 'designed for the people'. It has a great history! At the time of partition in 1947, when Pakistan was carved out of western Punjab, the then capital, Lahore, went over to the other side. Also known as Banaras and Kashi situated on the bank of the holiest river of India“Ganges”. Varanasi “The city of temples” is one of the oldest city in the world. Varanasi is also known as the “Religious capital of India”. The city has been a culture and religious center in India for several years.

Knowledge of nature is important to develop technology which slowly loosens the shackles of environment on man. Human beings are better able to develop technology after they develop better understanding of natural laws. When the level of technology is low the stage of human development is primitive. Man adapts to the dictates of nature (Environmental Determinism).

With social and cultural development, human beings begin to understand nature, develop more efficient technology and move from a state of necessity to a state of freedom.